The Old Man and the Sea as an Allegory: Sharks

The grey-headed Man and the Sea as an Allegory Sharks The novel The Old Man and the Sea was an allegory for Hemingways life, meaning the hold back was symbolical to Ernests journey and struggles. In this novel, the old man was faced with a dramatic life or death situation when he was get chased by sharks while catching for the marlin. The old mans head was pass along and good now and he was full of resolution but he had little hope. It was too good to last, he thought. He took iodine olfaction at the great fish as he watched the shark shut out in (101).The sharks be planning to hurt him and Santiago just notices it. These sharks are symbolic to Ernests problems and demons as an author, as they were much bid sharks in the fact that they caused him a lot of trouble and worry. A few of these sharks were his parents and his ill received book Across the River and Into the Trees. For example, Hemingways parents did not want him to mystify a writer. They wanted him to go to coll ege and pursue a different path.His parents were like the sharks because just like how the sharks were trying to eat the old man, his parents were eating his plans and future. The critics of his were as well sharks. Hemingways critics were not exactly the nicest to him about his book Across the River and Into the Trees. However, OHaras was one of the few good reviews, with negative reviews appearing in more than cl publications. Critics claimed the novel was too emotional, had inferior prose and a static plot, and that Cantwell was an shape for Hemingways character Nick Adams. (Wikipedia) Hemingways books are symbolic to his life, and for it to be criticized as too emotional, boring, and like a bad autobiography can be taken to heart. The critics were sharks because they had no mercy with Hemingway, they ate up prey (beat his book to the ground) and left nothing behind, which is cruel to his artistry and his pride. The above clearly shows that Hemingway had to galvanic pile wit h sharks as a writer, which were his parents and his critics.

Race in America Essay

The racial subjects throw off become less significant in like a shots society than in earlier days among the American masses. In todays society, many another(prenominal) improved racial equality measures micturate been taken in order to ensure that the people of the United States are treated as if in one genial group. Although many actions have been done to improve the equality of the people of America, racial issues still exists. guide in my opinion is the perception that an individual have towards any social group and can see differences from a visual aspect.Even though racial profiling, in the earlier days were a top issue in America, it is dying out and is replaced with the equal standards of todays society. When people come in to contact with one another they tend account differences they see in one another. These differences can be attributed to the genotype and phenotype transmutation between people. It tends to not be biologically significant to divide worldly con cern in to racial groups it is to a greater extent of a social excogitation. The various characteristics such(prenominal) as skin color, modulate of face, hair and eye color, nose shape and hair form are used in categorizing people in to specific fly the coops.Race is a powerful social concept that affects many aspects of our culture now and in our history. In the past you would see some(prenominal) more than endogamy due to breeding isolates. But now with more social acceptance and modern transportation we are seeing a good deal more exogamy. This in turn has widened the gene pool and allowed much more patrimonial variation. With these changes come less of a chance and or resource for inbreeding like we have seen in our history. Inbreeding tends to increase the chances for the offspring to have genetic disorders there for is harmful to the population.The problem with this social categorization system it tends to pick out to certain races believing their traits are more fav orable. Once it is believed that one race is better than other that type of thinking leads some to believe in biological determinism. Many wars have been found over the years because a group of people thought they were superior to another. Completely stupid concept but some simply cannot see beyond it. A efflorescence example of this is the eugenics that was being practiced by Hitler.He convinced and or scared an entire nation in to persecuting the Jewish people of Germany. He believed that he was improving the Aryan race by his horrific actions. Which to be honest has always confused me. A man wanting to unfreeze the world of dark haired non Aryan looking people, yet he himself did not fit in to his own category. It seems to me that concentrating on our differences only opens the door to dividing us. We must(prenominal) learn from the past and look toward bettering the future, for all of our sakes.

Observation Performed at Atascadero Lake Park

This paper aloneow for involve observations of fundamental interactions amid separate pincerren that appeared to be in his respective period class as healthful as fryren of the opposite sex and In several(prenominal) cases junior and older. Through the use of Piglets theory of child culture and some other resources I will compare the childs development as compared to other children In his age range, as well as catch outing and conveying the parenting style that I find during this time.Observation of a 3 Year Old Boy Upon arriving at the interior designer Lake Park I positi whizd myself at a bench close to the reckon ambit. This area Included m all(prenominal) of the usual types of equipment that one(a) old bet to see at a park that Is frequented by young children. all the way most of the play equipment was of modern construction and design and It being a beautiful sunny day, the park was full of children of various ages and pegs of development.The child I find primarily was a male approximately three to quartette geezerhood of age and was in reality active during the time he was at play. He appeared to be at a normal state of development upon my initial observation and this point was still confirmed as I continued to watch Children between the ages of three and four typically straits more rhythmically and re sufficient to easily go from a walk to a run, they Jump and are more able to thrust and catch object a great deal more effectively, essentially there ungrownuperated motor skills advance (Beer).Children in this age range as well as picture improvement with their fine motor skills that allow them to use zippers and eating utensils much(prenominal) more effectively (Beer). The young boy I was notice displayed an thin skill to climb and run, his balance and depth perception seemed to be very appropriate for this age range. There were many a(prenominal) an(prenominal) other children of various contrasting ages and sex es at the park as well as the child that I was find. He seemed especially adept at interacting with many of the other children.Although there were many different toys and pieces of equipment to play on I also observed several of the children pret dyinging that they were on a ship at sea or performing in the circus, according to Pigged this is articulation of the operational stage which represents a stage of development that usually occurs Detente ten ages AT both Ana seven (Plague, EYE). oneness AT ten most villous attributes of this stage is the unusual incr heartsease in representational, or symbolic, activity (Pigged, 1951). Pigged felt that bemuse rely play was an excellent way for hillier to streng thus newly acquired representational schemes (1951).The child that I was observing seemed to have excellent manual dexterity, he was able to swing from bar to bar on the Jungle gym with ease. He was able to climb up and down the various ladders and chain ropes, cringe throug h the many openings of the mock tree house that had been provided by the designers of this specific park. One of the longest periods of time he spent on one task was during his time in the sand box. He focused a great deal on building what appeared to be a benefit or some sort of castle.The focus the he exhibited on the end result, I found to be remarkable, however once he had make the decision that it met his expectations he make it a point to not only destroy what he had been painstakingly working on for the better part of forty minutes he also smoothed over the area that he had been working, almost seeming to be concerned that there was no visible evidence remaining. There was a great deal of interaction between the young man and his peers he seemed to have no return key with the sex of the other child, however I did observe at one point that he was holding the hand of a little girl who appeared to be around the same GE as he.He appeared to be attempting to persuade her to meet him on the swings. She however was not interested in that particular activity. She actually looked as if she cherished to leave the sandy area of the playground and melt onto the grass which would have involved navigating a small step up. When the girl attempted to step up she tripped, causing the boy made a valiant attempt to stop her from falling, to no avail. He was however triple-crown in aiding her to stand back up and helped to bush of the sand. I will say from that point forward the girl was not as intent to hold his and as she clearly felt that was what had caused her to fall.After observing this boy for some time it became clear that he was there with two other children. One a male that was younger than he and the other a pistillate that looked to be approximately four to five years old. In concomitant after hearing some discussion I was able to ascertain that these children were there with the boys mother and grandmother. Although I did not witness any come up to disciplinary steps taken by either of the adult means figures it was clear that both of the adults were very engaged in what the children were doing.However they allowed the children to lay on the various types of equipment and really only became involved with specific instructions if it seemed that any of the children were considering leaving the immediate play area. I really felt that the adults were allowing the children to explore and engage in whatever activity they so choose provided it was not an activity that could potential cause harm. In this particular case on this particular day the parental figure was clearly exhibiting the authoritative method of child rearing.According to Beer the authoritative child rearing style is the most roaring approach that involves high acceptance and involvement, which includes adaptive control techniques and appropriate self-sufficiency granting (up. 260-261). Although I had only a few opportunities to hear conversations between the adult figure and the child I was serving It was clear Tanat communication was manoeuvre Tooling In ten sense Tanat when the boy expressed what he wanted to do the parent was very responsive to the idea.The youngest of the three children in this conclave began to have some sort of issue with being unable to travel the low hanging swing bridge. Subsequently he began to cry which then turned into a fully fledged protest. The boy that I was observing immediately came to his younger peers assistance. He was able to hold onto the younger child allowing him to make it across and back. This show of empathy which becomes an important part of proboscis and unselfish behavior, according to Beer empathy becomes more common in early childhood and typically preschoolers rely more on words to draw empathic feelings. (p. 60). In this particular case it was clear that the older boy was in point talking the younger child through the necessary steps in order to successfully traverse this bridge. This boy seemed especially adept with accessible interaction and seemed able to move room situation to situation with ease and was comfortable engaging with children of different sexes, ages and points in development. In some instances he seemed to almost make a point to become involved with all of the groups of children. Additionally he appeared to make a point to try to include some other children that were more focused on solitary activities.This I found to be almost deliberate, it seemed that not only was he concerned that a few of the children were playing alone, he persisted in his invitation to Join the other children even when the lone wolf expressed no or very little desire to participate in any group activity. comparison the child that I was observing to several of the other children that appeared to be in his approximate age range his development seemed to be at least comparable and in some cases further along that the others.With regards to his ability to choke with the others as well as his ability to move from group to group with a great deal of ease he exhibited an excellent ability to vacillate between appropriate energy levels and vocal volume that would be appropriate to the circumstances to which he was about to enter. This displayed to me that the child was experienced with many different types of play or social situations and was able to differentiate each situation without disrupting the other childrens focus.This was in clear contrast to several of the other children of the same approximate age that clearly felt it was necessary to make a grand entrance. The amount of time that I spent observing this childs adeptness to navigate through a fairly complicated social playing field displayed how impressive this ability truly was. During the final xxx minutes of my time at the park I really tested to focus on pavement and physical acuity. The boy tended to focus much of his attention on the Jungle gym equipment.This particular apparatus offered many types of activities, slides, rope swings, monkey bars, which this particular child seemed especially skilled in, also various ladders of different shapes and moving in multiple directions. I rear end assure you this was not the park toys of my younger days. The equipment at this park seemed well designed offering the children many different opportunities to discover any surreptitious acrobatic skills that they may be harboring.All in all this observation made it clear that this young child, this boy of three or four years old, was agile and energetic, had clearly been exposed to many types of social solutions, Ana parents Tanat succeeded to ten familiarity tattle style Ana was developing both physically and cognitively at an appropriate level. In my opinion in many cases he was a bit advanced compared to other children that I observed during my time at Decorator Lake Park. The one thing that impressed me the most was his ability to socialize, to communicate and yet seem to really enjoy his time at the park.

The Women of Colonial Latin America

The Book is racy with topics describing opportunities and ch wholeenges that shaped the lives of women in Latin America influenced by Spain and Portugal. Engagingly written by Socolow the al-Quran can be a very useful reference for teachers of Latin American Studies. The piece abounds with historical information covering effects of conquests, colonization, and stoppage of colonial women. It looks into the various roles played by women stressing on their responsibilities and duties as intumesce as their limitations.It gives light as to how factors like race, social status, occupation and purlieu among others affect women in every circumstance. I would say the piece is wholeness whole powerful presentation. Socolow being a member of the gender in discussion gives weight to the whole intellectual experience. The book might involve a different feel if it was written by a man. Socolow do sure that she started her book with an attention grabbing Introduction. I think everyone who has read would chord that it is very effective.It is very perceptive nevertheless not overly dramatic, it reach the reader all the needed information to the last detail but not to the point that it becomes dreary. The author can be likened to a original cab driver expertly maneuvering a vehicle full of passengers to an intend destination. Chapter One, Iberian Women in the Old World and the New is an interesting historical account of how key players in history changed womens role crosswise time.Chapter Two, Before Columbus Women in Indigenous America and Africa is an enlightening and at the same time intriguing description of history. Chapter Three, Conquest and Colonization documents the hardships and savagery experienced by women during war. All the other Chapters namely Women, Marriage, and Family, Elite Women, The Brides of messiah and Other Religious Women, Women and Work, Women and Slavery, Women and Social Deviance Crime, Witchcraft, and Rebellion, Women and Enlightenm ent Reform buy out the same keen observation and consistency of purpose.The book seems just historical at first but it has more than just historical information. I would say it is a must read for those who wants to understand how the role of women produce from early Spanish conquest to what it is presently. The author use easy and simplex language that her ideas just flow from page to page. All in all Socolows The Women of Colonial Latin America New Approaches to the Americas is a rich book that surely gets its readers hooked.

Courage Essay

any human being on this planet is unique and different exclusively we be all born with the gift of courage. However there are very few who take advantage of that gift. courageousness is the ability to lean ones way through a stumblebum situation, be it mental or physical. We all have faced or witnessed tough challenges before. Th difference, however, is that some slew tend to give up when the goings micturate rough, while others keep on. People commit acts of courage on a daily basis, many of them without nonetheless realizing it. To daytime I will gabble to you about an event in particular.Imagine playing hockey with a bunch of boys and being the only girl its very difficult, even more then it sounds. I was the only girl on the team up and most of the boys would refuse to pass the puck to me or even see me when I did a good play. This didnt bother me very very much because I knew I would just have to work harder to prove them wrong, it was a challenge I was ready to ta ke on. Half the season was make and everyone got to know me better and most of the team started to be friends with me, except one. His piss was Aidan, he had blonde hair and blue eyes. He would always tease me before and after practice, in front of the rest of our team scarcely they would never say anything to the coaches. Yes it was difficult to not let it get to me further I would always tell myself to just let it go. One day before our game he came up to me while I was simply and started insulting me and swearing at me. My only defence was to stand up for myself and tell him what I thought, I pinned him against the wall and told him how bullying people isnt gonna make himself feel better and that he should stop immediately. After that day, he never bugged me again and that act of courage changed my life for the better.Courage is a necessity to the evolution of our people. Without courage, African-Americans would still be stuck Im slavery. There would be no one there to figh t for the rights of the people we now consider equals. Courage can be found Im various forms. Courage is the only thing that gets us through the hard times, and the tempting opportunities. Courage is vital to the evolution of the human population. It os also an essential quality to becoming a successful person.

Ethnicity, Race and Culture: Austria

Es recount Topic I Ethnicity, Race and glossiness Austria Austria is non a big coun punish its ranked on 115th place in wide area and 92nd in total population. however if not so long ago the Austrian-Hungarian conglomerate was unity of the big players by the end of the 19th century in Europe. That Empire has been a mixture of many various and strongly varying farmings and ethnicities, which remains as one of the reasons why it probably fell apart and got dual-lane into different nations.So what is it without delay, that makes an Austrian an Austrian and why is he so a great deal different than somebody from Hungary, Czech Re creation or Germany this is the main takings of this assay. The first part of the essay volition submit a perfectly overview of what ethnicity, belt along and subtlety in general stands for. Therefor I bequeath give a short introduction near these topics and try to retributoryify how they are used today.Later on, my focus and the main part of this work impart include aspects in which Austrian kindization influences stack (in Austria and in general) and try to find be run throughs to the question What is typically or limited for the Austrian goal and the internal individualism? To make this essay a little good turn more judgement-provoking, I will divide the main part into deuce parts. The first will consist of features which I perceive from cosmosness an Austrian citizen the second part will attempt to give an indication of features that caught the tending of people who were not born or raised in Austria.Before I start with my major writing, first a short anecdote rough the Austrian dialect, which is, let us say, an indicator for Austrias acculturation and race The Austrian dialect is about as pretty because the talk repelling changes between self-indulgence and pulling oneself to nabher back and forth play. It olibanum allows an irreplaceable wealth of right projecting temper. This short adduce from the German author and poet Christian Morgenstern gives already precise precise and helpful informations about cultivation in Austria.To understand what the author was trying to say with this quote you hitch to appreciate the remarkable gap that lies in between Austrian and German culture. Even though most people in the gentleman (if they even know where Austria is located ) mobilize of Austrian civilization as a very similar to the German culture, which might be not even so far away from the truth but indeed, on that point are important and noteworthy differences. One of them is that Austrians can be communicate with the adjectives cozy, comfy and unhurried compared to the adjectives Germans are illustrious for in the world, such(prenominal) as detailed, precise and hardworking.From my point of view it is equable right to say that a big part of the Austrian purification lies somewhere in between, and that is what Christian Morgenstern was trying to say with his quo te. But in the beginning I go too deep, let us start from the very beginning What is culture? Well, this is not an easy question to answer because in that location are various definitions for this word. I will state here devil different definitions of culture. Geert Hofstede defined a very common set of models for worldwide cultures.For him culture is the incorporated programming of the tender-hearted mind that distinguishes the members of on human assembly from those of another. Culture in this sense is a system of together with held values. (Hofstede 1990, p. 20) Whereas Edgar Schein, who was written one of the best and informative books on geological formational culture, defines culture as the deeper level of basic assumptions and beliefs that are shared by members of an organization that operate unconsciously and define in a basic taken for granted? fashion an organizations view of itself and its environment. (Schein 1994, p. 7) From these two definitions it is alread y quite obvious that culture has very much to do with groups. A basic need of groups is the ability to communicate, both at a sciolistic level (for which ordinary language largely suffices) and as well as at a deeper level of meaning. At this deeper level, words, actions and functions can become filled with special and specific meaning for the group, such as group-specific jargon and language, rituals for greetings, meetings and other group processes and destruction but not least artwork and artifacts that symbolize and remind the group of their history (cf.Schein 1994, p. 2425). And Austria has a long history with a rich customs. Austrias geographical location at the crossroads of Europe find out its historical multiethnic makeup. As Austria is comprised with nine provinces and bordered by octad countries with their own distinctive cultures, the people of individually province tend to be different. Surrounded by so many other cultures, Austria has very much been subjected to pagan invasions, which are the source of the differences among the provinces. Another source of the diversity is the Alps, which cover 62 percentage of the estate.The distinctions also occurred because different groups settled in Austria. In gain to the Celts, Romans, Hungarians, and Germanic groups, many groups from central Europe arrived during the Middle Ages. Now we give way defined Austrias conditions of culture and its heritage. Let us move to the conterminous important topic National Identity. According to the Stanford encyclopedia of Philosophy, identity is defined as those propertys that make you unique as an individual and different from others or the way you see or define yourself.Identity can thitherof be seen as the positioning of the self as opposed to the others. This fancy refers to individual rather than to collective identity and may be unconquerable by the gender as fountainhead as the territorial, cultural, companionable, religious, ethnic, lingui stic and national identity (cf. Smith 1991, p. 15). Going beyond individual identity to collective identity and approaching the concept of national identity, the definition gets more complex. It is not about identifying a single individual, but about detecting characteristics of a whole center of population.In another approach, the second construct, the nation can be defined as an extensive aggregate of persons, so closely associated with each other by common descent, language, or history, as to form a distinct race or people, usually organized as a separate policy-making state and occupying a definite territory (The Oxford position Dictionary 1933, p. 30). So now we dupe well-defined the terms culture and national identity and these definitions leave very much space commit to examine the Austrian feelstyle and culture. Therefor it is very difficult to answer questions like What is typically Austrian? without generalizing excessively.The struggle lies in the problem, that if y ou go through self-aggrandising up in a place, you perceive many things differently than foreigners would and, which makes the office staff even more complicated, you acquiret notice things foreigners might see odd. To me, the situation is a little bit easier I was born in Croatia and moved to Austria when I was 5 years old, so I am able to take both sides of posting, the inside and the outside. My first part of observation about the Austrian soul precedes me to the baroque and catholic legacy that, I think, goes hand in hand with Austrian Culture and National Identity.This means that Austrian society is strongly influenced by a baroque, Catholic tradition that is fairly subtle in terms of actual religious life (only 7 percent of all Austrians attend a weekly service, which is Western-European measuring in Poland it is 20 percent, in the United States of America 40 percent ). Nevertheless, the tradition of strong family ties, opulent architecture, food and feasts, as well as celebrations and ceremonies is something I see as concerned with the Catholic legacy of the country.Formality and definite ways in which you engage with people socially is very class-conscious and much stricter regulated than in English speaking countries. Families receive meaningful public benefits for staying with impudentborn babies for two years and employees are required to stiff a mother? s (or father? s, but that is still very uncommon in Austria) job for three years. This leads come up toly to the very neighboring shaping factor in Austria, the collective tradition. The socialist tradition of the country is mostly based on the reforms of the1970ies.Education is more or less impoverished from primary school to university (when a conservative government started charging about 700 Euros in fees per year, there were many demonstrations all over Austria). Health care is public. Transportation, culture and arts, libraries and other infrastructure is heavily funded by the public. That has significant social implications Austria? s university graduates are among the oldest in Europe (in 2005, the average age of receiving the first period was 27) and its retirement age is among the lowest. For several years, the governmental trend is to cut the social system down and liberalize the country economically.Many Austrians find the sheer thought of responsibility and initiative distressing, though. Austrians also have a reputation for being conservative and xenophobic, especially Germans like to think of us as a hostile, cross(a) bunch (which we might well be with respect to Germans). The political spectrum of Austria is in fact shifted s sluttishly to the right compared to Germany The German conservatives are the rightest party, whereas Austrian populists standing clearly right of the conservatives have pioneered populist political movements in Europe.To understand this, I think it is necessary to distinguish between political subject matters on one ha nd and political style on the other. In terms of actual content, the rightwing populists of Austria (and of other European countries) are not necessarily more radical than the Tories in the UK or even the democrats in the US. In terms of style, Austrians have very little constraints when it comes to being straight-forward and public statements are very much made by Austrians that would be regarded as being highly politically incorrect in many other countries, patronage of being wide-spread views.Another mechanism that came up my mind while writing this essay is that Austrian people have original views in foreign things. I think that there are several reasons for this. Partly it? s the Austrian mentality to rant circularizely about whatever bothers you. Partly especially with rightwing issues it is also that Austria defined itself with the aid of Western nations as the first dupe of Nazi Germany, completely failing to acknowledge the role as a major culprit, which it also had, un til into the 1980ies. There was much less of a progressive tense turnover than in Germany after the war.But the key-question remains Are Austrians more xenophobic, racist, Semitic than the rest of Europe? Drawn from own experiences and those of geniuss from other countries, I would say most likely not. As everywhere, cities are more open and cosmopolitan than rural communities. As everywhere, education makes people more tolerant. But plainly because it is quite likely to hear from an Austrian a grumpy complaint about Eastern-European burglars, Turkish youngsters molesting people on the street or Nigerian asylum seekers selling drugs does not mean that such stereotypes don? t exist in other countries.Enforcing political correctness (socially or legally) fights symptoms, not causes. In terms of causes of intolerance, I don? t think that Austria is doing significantly better or worse than other Western countries. And the nakedness in talk of the town about pretty much anything will at least allow you to listen to people and get a direct handle on what they honestly think. Another important aspect of the Austrian culture and its soul is the priority of domestic life. Austrians love to build, repair, extend, maintain, refurbish or modernize their houses. They also love gardening and spend ours in garden centers. Houses and gardens are important social stages for dinner parties, BBQs or occasionally just staying in and watch TV. Garden-culture is something you find everywhere in Europe, the obsession with house-building and hole is a more continental or even Germanic trend (a variation of the same principle is washing the car). The priority that homes and families have for Austrians might contribute to the stereotype of the bourgeois mountain people. Speaking of mountains The internal beauty of the country gave rise to a pronounced outdoors culture.Mountaineering, skiing, contestation climbing, paragliding, cycling, skiing, camping, skiing, swimming, just st rolling and of course skiing are solidly big in Austria and we love to spend our weekends climbing pretty much any hill-resembling thing pointing out of the landscape. Then we sit on top of it, drink beer and watch the valleys. From my point of view, I dont think there? s a rational reason why we are doing this. A fella of mine once tried to explain it with a nation-wide UV light addiction others think it? s coffee and Red Bull that conduct us up the hills.Probably all nonsense. In the end, and I am only guessing here, we climb mountains simply because we can. This was the first part as to give my perspective of what is typically Austrian from the view of an Austrian. My next part should be seen as a form of an outside view of how Austrian people and their behavior are seen in the rest of the world. However, I am often amused by the little things that foreigners notice as typically Austrian. Having bad up in the country myself, I often take things as natural or granted that ar e somewhat odd to an outsider? s eye.From talking to people that have been to this country before, I have learned about the Austria-specificity of a range of features. Long conversations with a friend from Germany revealed a lot of Austrian culture to me that I had previously been unmindful(predicate) of. This included one of his observations on the way people in Austria attribute certain habits and features to the origin on a person If somebody is Tyrolean, he is expected to like hiking, be conservative and hate Italians. Carinthian accents are right off associated with ski- and surf-instructors, alongside with their stereotypical courtship behaviors.If somebody acts provincially in capital of Austria and it turns out that he is Upper Austrian, everybody goes Ah, that? s why. According to my friend, the tribal affiliation of the Austrians is much more pronounced than in Germany. Something that I have been already aware but not considered as typically Austrian is the love to thei r glosss and degrees. Austria has an impressive list of 819 titles and degrees. Many people get their title or academic degree included in their passports and they even a master (Magister) degree is written before the name.Most titles are used instead of a name when referring to a person directly, for example Herr Magister or Frau Doktor. modern years saw the arrival of the Anglo-American MA, PhD or other new degrees. Most elderly Austrians are confused by these and try to restate them. This leads me to my last feature of Austrian behaviors that I concluded while talking to foreign friends of me. If you ask Austrians about an upper-class, it is likely that they will look at you somewhat confused and refer you to the wide middle-class and the longstanding socialist traditions that effectively eliminated at least the most pressing poverty.Upper-class as a concept is something strange to Austria and yet there are few countries that have a stronger correlation in education or incom e and life expectancy, income of children, social status, and so on, than the German-speaking countries. I am always fascinated how well the upper-class is ignored in Austria and yet maintains its behavioral and social rituals that often date back to the days of the monarchy. If an Austrian tells you that there is no real upper-class in this country, ask how many friends he has that went to one of capital of Austria? international schools ask about the last time he went to the Salzburg fiesta if he would feel comfortable dining and using the correct cutlery in one of Salzburg? s top-restaurants or if he has heard of the Adelsclubs of capital of Austria (associations for Austria? s ex-nobility). Austria has a long history with a long tradition. For the victimization of Culture and National Identity this is a very significant aspect, also when talking about what is typically for Austrians. Even to myself, as I already ive here for 20 years, there are facets about the Austrian cultu re that have not been revealed to me so far. Through attending numerous sociological classes and talking to friends from Austria but also from foreign countries, I was able to get a profounder and closer look on what makes an Austrian an Austrian and that there are reasonable explanations for certain aspects and behaviors. This will be important for elevate investigations, because I think that Austrias culture (and every culture worldwide) is just about to experience major changes.Factors like immigration, migration and especially the immense changes we are going through thanks to globalization and all the issues that come with it, will show if historically grown cultures have the capability to survive such a thriving and lavish lifestyle, as we are experiencing right now in the western Words 2. 965 Words 2. 965 hemisphere. References Austrian Culture. Hephaestus Books, 2011 Brown, AndrewOrganizational Culture. Pitman, London, 1995 Culture of Austria-Hungary. General Books LLC, 201 0Lichtenberger Elisabeth Austria Society and Regions. Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2000 Schein, Edgar Organizational Culture and Leadership. Jossey-Bass psychological science Series, 1994 Paperback Simpson, John Weiner, Edmund The Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press, 1989 Stein R. Conrad Austria. Enchantment of the area Series. Childrens Press, 2000 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Available from http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/Nationalism Accessed April 2012 Culture and quality an anthropological perspectiveAvailable from http//intqhc. oxfordjournals. org/content/16/5/345. full Accessed April 2012 Wikipedia, Austria, last modified on 21 April 2012 Available from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Austria Accessed April 2012 1 . Wikipedia, Austria 2 . Christian Morgenstern, German author and poet (1871-1914) 3 . Brown, Andrew,Organizational Culture. Pitman, London, 1995 4 . Schein, Edgar, Organizational Culture and Leadership. Jossey-Bass Psychology Series, 19 94 5 . Wikipedia 6 .Lichtenberger Elisabeth Austria Society and Regions. Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2000 7 . Stein R. Conrad Austria. Enchantment of the World Series. Childrens Press, 2000 8 . Lichtenberger Elisabeth Austria Society and Regions. Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2000 9 . Austrian Culture. Hephaestus Books 2011 10 . Austrian Culture. Hephaestus Books 2011 11 . Culture of Austria-Hungary. General Books LLC 2010 12 . Culture of Austria-Hungary. General Books LLC 2010 13 . Culture of Austria-Hungary. General Books LLC 2010

Pricing Strategy

linguistic universal Rental Printing motorcar Assignment Objective The objective of the simulation was to outgrowth profits of Universal Car Rental troupe. The simulation was run across three cities in Florida, Tampa, Orlando and Miami. Our strategy We adopted a strategy of offering the highest price do fitting whilst maintaining 100% capacity utilization respective to the merchandise share. In the place setting of the scenario, where growth in posit outstripped supply and with only twelve rounds, we felt up market share was not fundamentally important.In respect of setting the price level, we calculated the price elasticity of demand to give us an sagacity into the increment we could make up the price. We concluded that price elasticity of supply was impertinent in the context of this simulation. Customer price response We were quickly adequate to(p) to observe that weekday and weekend demand out did supply we concluded that weekday demand was an alternative for business users and weekend demand was more for leisure users. The well-nigh important aspect we considered was increasing our fleet size to meet market demand. We lost a considerable amount of sales by not meeting customer orders.This could have been easily resolved by even increase of a number of fleet added per month. Universal should also increase filth awareness by applying brand management. After our great exercise and steady increase in market demand Universal should increase marketing in several media applications. Some of theses applications should include, airport advertising, e-advertising, TV commercials and newsprint ads. By advertising in these areas, Universal is certain to increase brand awareness and future success. Final Result My partner and I were able to increase the accumulative profit of Universal Rental Car Company to $268 million.

Pop Art and Mass Media Essay

Alloway views st artwork out artistic creation as a form of tool that was used to break the hegemony of elitist aesthetic standards that had been set everywhere the years and that had defined art. In a sense, pop art could be seen as a democratization of art just as in the argona of governance the advent of democracy in modern federation broke the power of absoluteness wielded by the monarchy and its aristocracy.Alloway is of the opinion that though cosmos explosion and the industrial revolution in Europe during the era of the understanding had a seismic progeny in transforming society, this transformation had been lacking in the field of art as traditional ideas still persisted. In effect these traditional ideas became a limitation on the development of art. Consequently, having pastoral and elitist conceptions around art prevents an art critic, for instance, from appreciating art forms emanating from the deal media.The mass media and pop art present an artistic relationshi p where themes and expressions of pop art ar considerably discerned as offshoots of the mass media. Andy Warhols John Wayne Silkscreen 1986 (figure 1 beneath) is a typical example of artistic expression based on a favorite theme/personality in the mass media. Again Andy Warhols Triple Elvis 1963 (figure 2 beneath) shows the intersection between mass media and pop art.In both the John Wayne Silkscreen and the Triple Elvis, popular personalities in the movies (and in popular music i. e. ith regards to Elvis) patronized by the masses atomic number 18 accounted holding guns in typical Western movie fashion. The pertinacity of pop art that draws its themes and expressions from the urban instead of the conventional and pastoral, and from the mass media/popular urban culture as against the artistic standards of the minority elite, signifies the demise of elitist definitions and standizations of art. The work at of interpolate in the fine liberal humanities as compared to the mas s arts is however mitigated due to the fact that the fine arts take away traditionally been invested with the duty of organism the repositories of cherished societal values.Thus change or acceptance of change in the expression of the fine arts comes with the added hurdle of having to deal with time-bound values. The mass arts on the other founder are easily adaptable and readily responsive to technological changes. Advances in electronics have for instance changed the cinemas, TV and radio in the way they films, serials and programmes are presented to the audience in a way that appeals to them as consumers. These technological advances importunity on consumer centric presentations in the mass arts.The advent colour in cinema and TV for can be seen being replicated in mass printed glossy colour magazines. The ability of the mass arts to also depict fantasy in a way that appeals to audiences can be seen being depicted in popular comic art for example. Just want the examples of Joh n Wayne and Elvis given above, the focus on heroes and personalities (some of them sex symbols) are fantasies in the mass media that audiences readily identify with and these consumer centred fantasies depicted in art become a continuum from the mass media.

Impacts of Indian Cinema on Children of Pakistan

The Indian motion-picture show is currently the Largest film producer in the founding. The film industry has been extremely rewarding when it comes to the national economy of India. Be it word pictures, to movie stars, the idea and the drama they portray has been highly admired and enjoyed by people worldwide speci everyy in Pakistan. Thousands of films produced per annum be watched by millions of people from children to adults. And is a big stock of encouragement for the Youth to come up and be a interpreter of the largest industry in the world.It might be a broad come of encouragement for the Youth but on the another(prenominal) hand the films imbibe proved to give influenced the new-fangled generations on a huge scale leaf in this era. As most of the tech-smart ar basically the young generations forthwith, they mechanically drop access to all sort of media and public forums.Teenagers especially today are too inspired by movies today, they look for pauperizati on and situations they watch relatable in their daily life as entertainment. Prior to that, Indian motion-picture show is well aware what kind of audience to Target today, which is earning alot of revenue for them today.especially in Pakistan, us Pakistani enjoy and idolize our favorite Indian movies and actors. Every country promoted their religion, tradition and culture through media and India has been rather self-made in doing that. Today our Muslim children have memorized all the rituals that are performed in exorcism movies ( I.e 1920 the movie) and all the Hindu prayers instead of whats in the Quran and its message. what is more Indian movies always come up with a feature song, which basically is also hold upn as Item Song. Which features famous actresses for a jump performance in the movie. Such movies have been a huge ancestry of negativity in our country. Indian movies promote nudity and vulgarity which is stringently forbidden in the laws of Islam. The young genera tions is very much attracted to such movies, songs and stars, which have proved to be very normal.The sad part is that even parents are so outdated from technology they have no idea near the current affairs and what their children are doing on their devices. Our Film Industry seems highly motivated to compete the Indian Cinema too, as they in their late(a) movies have been featuring Item Songs (i.e Karachi se Lahore). in that location are various Indian Movies that have been produced to promote rivalry between Pakistan and India which has been a very huge point of negativity leading to recreation of history. This has created a negative compass about Pakistan in the minds of our children because the Indian Cinema has blinded the youth by showing false glories and fabricated history to encourage the greatness of Hindustan. The young minds in return get double minded and curious to know what exactly is behind the story and not everyonr is able to prove what in truth happened because our elders and seniors, they themselves have been idolizing the Indian Cinema throughout ages.On the brighter side, there are a few positive impacts too, movies resembling Tarey Zameen Par, 3 Idiots have been quite encouraging and inspirational for the whole nations as the stories they portray have effectuate A lot of minds from teachers to students who has changed alot of perspectives of people regarding studies.LITERATURE REVIEWWith the collaboration of British film Institute, UK film Council and film London both have explored on the local celluloid. Theyve depicted and looked into the impact of Local film on their communities and to forge impact measurement tools, they selected 5 case study moving pictures and initial desk researches to explore existing literature on the impact measurement method actingologies. They dabbled cinemas of the urban and rural areas of UK. And the research they discoursed and depicted the social, cultural and environmental impacts of Local cinema and overview of income and expenditure on and of cinema.Suraj pratap had some aims behind this desertation which was to analyze the relation of cinnama and Society. There were personal references of the Indian audience on the basis of interest. They discussed the impact of cinema on audience and understood the factors of bollywood either itd be positive or negative. He implemented the method in which he conducted the number of studies crosswise the world letting in India.They have researched on the students that how apprehension fable films has an effect on them. Even nowadays Hollywood industry is operative on the sci-fic movies way too much and the way modern world is going ahead, students have gained interest in these sort of movies. Theyve studied mise en scene and participants have collected data. They found this by naturalistic research method, students who watched this science fiction movies had some number of misunderstandings about earth science concepts as compared to the students who dont watch the movies. It effects negatively and makes a false concept of cognition phenomena.They researched just to get the answer of the question as title mentioned it, 3D movies has the genre where viewers can imagine that all the scenes are having the plave infront of them and all scenerios are in real. We are just going in the liquefy with the movie and creates the fiction place, characters and story. The methods they used in this research was the sickness questionaire in which they study if it effecting the children negatively as rays may effects them negatively on the other hand they study the design and its eligibility and they made the stastical analysis too.Its a research in which linda rufer defines how movies are effecting children and teenagers psycological manner, where she connects movies with the emotions of children as viewers they connects the fictional movie with themselves as films has the feel of words and actions. Linda describes the positiv ity in movies many characters have pure soul with the positivity in it where children can get motivation and let them think about their lives, gives hope and energy.Discussion about the folk and traits in the research is visible, movies helps children to differenciate between the wrong and right path where teamwork and other good habits like forgiving, being down to earth and many others like this may help teens to get themselves on the road of success.RESEARCH METHADOLOGYQualative method will be use in this research, Where I will prefer 5 to 10 movies as case study to find the objectives and characters of the movies and how they are effecting on the children of pakistan. I will conduct a small oppugn with the parents in which I discuss the routine of their children and which sort of things children pick by and by watching movies it leads me to get the answers of my questions.HYPOTHESISNULL HYPOTHESIS Ho Indian movies has vulgarity and unaccepted elements for the children.ALTER NATIVE HYPOTHESIS HI Indian movies has not vulgarity and unacceptable elements for the children.REFERENCES British film institute, UK film council, Film LONDON ( 5 November 2005 ). THE IMPACT OF topical anaesthetic CINEMA Suraj Pratap Singh, Banaras hindu university ( Dept. Of Sociology ) Varanasi 22001 ( 4 feb 2015 ) IMPACT OF CINEMA ON youth Heather Barnett, heather Wagner, Anne Gatling, Janice Anderson, Meredith Houle, Alan Kafka ( 25 August 2006 ). IMPACT OF SCIENCE manufacture ON STUDENT UNDERSTANDINGS OF SCIENCE.Angelo G., Solimini ( 13 Feb 2013 ). ARE THERE SIDE set up TO WATCHING 3D MOVIES? Linda Rufer, University of Pennsylvania ( 1 August 2014 ). MAGIC AT THE MOVIES POSITIVE PSYCOLOGY FOR CHILDREN, ADOLESCENTS AND FAMILIES.

Underage Drinking – Short Essay

Underage imbibition, now more than ever, is a loose problem us the US. In our society today, small-scale drinking is expressed as cool, or a way to break fun. Some causes of modest drinking ar the media and peer pressure. there be also many negative do of modest drinking such(prenominal) as health risks like alcohol poisoning. Media plays a big post in this risk. fair watching television you see commercials for beer or otherwise alcoholic beverages. The media makes It intuitive feeling like fun all the time, and Like no matter bad notify come from drinking.They make It very appealing to a adolescents ye. The commercials do not show you the man who lost every function to his alcoholism, or the guy rope who had one too many drinks and spent the night hugging the toilet. I feel that alcohol Industries argon tar get toing youth and will do Just about anything to get business. consort pressure also plays a big role In underage drinking. The most Important thing In the lif e of a teenager Is to FLT In. Teenagers are almost anticipate to drink before they are 21 these days. If they dont, they could easily be the unwanted of their social circle and be made fun of.Most of the parents dont punish their underage hillier for drinking because they did the same things when they were in high school. This finish lead to teens sentiment that it is an acceptable lifestyle to live. There are many negative effects of underage drinking. Not only is it illegal, there are many risks that female genital organ come from underage drinking. If you start drinking at a modern age, there is a better chance that you are going to get hooked and be come and alcoholic later on in life. Drinking too much or too soon can hurt others, get you in legal trouble, and damage your relationships.In conclusion, there are several causes and effects of underage drinking. Media and peer pressure are ii of the main causes. Teenagers use media in their everyday lives. Television is one recitation of media that makes alcohol appealing to young people. Peer pressure is also a cause of drinking under the age of 21 . The last thing a teenager wants is to be made fun of, and if that means they swallow to drinks few beers to keep that from happening then thats what theyre going to do There are also many negative effects of underage drinking such and alcoholism, and other health risks.Underage drinking is dangerous, not only for the juice reamer but also for society. Underage Drinking Short Essay By allusions 1 Underage Drinking beer or other alcoholic beverages. The media makes it look like fun all the time, and like nothing bad can come from drinking. They make it very appealing to a teenagers that alcohol industries are targeting youth and will do Just about anything to get Peer pressure also plays a big role in underage drinking. The most important thing in the life of a teenager is to fit in. Teenagers are almost expected to drink thing a teenager wants is to be made fun of, and if that means they necessitate to drink a

Project Charter Essay

Business drive Ohio Department of Health and Human Services (ODHS) has 15,000 state and county agency employees in 88 counties in Ohio. ODHS has a network infrastructure that ranges to laid-back pure t single in some regions within the organization to very poor role in other regions. Additionally, resources are limited due to a high turnover rate of existing employees causing support for the network to be handled by outside labor. Budget is also limited.To improve the infrastructure, ODHS has asked The Office of net profit Support (ONS) to investigate upgrading the ODHS email schema. ONS is responsible for coordinating software heighten and updates and modifications from the Columbus, Ohio location ONS leave alone manage the upgrade for ODHS to all agencies within the 88 counties of Ohio either by converting from the current e-mail software from Global pass on 7.0 to version 9.0. The decision will be made on the root of cost, staffing and various incentives from the vend ors. Currently there is a 20% cost profit with the Globalupgrades 9.0 software, but this cost will be offset by ontogeny productivity and cost savings through incentives offered by the vendor nominate Objectives ONS will investigate, design and develop an upgraded email system providing research, expertise and quickness assistance to improve the network infrastructure to improve communication between the 15,000 ODHS.ApproachAssign both external and internal personnel to assist in research to determine if updating to Globalupgrades 9.0 or another vendor is more than cost effective and if incentives offered will give the advantages needed to improve the email system. Narrow research to at least two vendor contenders to spend for the upgrade based on incentives, costs, and reliability and expansion software programs. Select one vendor meeting all criteria and manage thedesign, development and installation of the email upgrade. Testing of email upgrade through use of ODHS user a ssortImplement email upgradeProject Team Members The key peniss of the suggest areProject Sponsor Peter Parker Director of Office of entanglement Support Project manager Lavina Barry for the Office of Network Support, ODHS. Key PM for the E-mail enkindle Project Engineer Diana Prince, ONS software program Engineer with circumstantial experience in implementing and administering various email systems Globalcom legate Steve Rogers, Globalcoms sales representative and chief point of contact for the State exploiter Representative Linda Lee Danvers, support specialist within the ODHS, serving as contact between the ODHS User Group community and the dispatch team ODHS User Group A number of ODHS employees that are used to test system upgrades before implementation Team Members will be assigned by the objectify manager based on their expertise, skills and abilities. The team will be comprised of members from functional areas within the company that functional managers will pro vide with team members dedicating 100% of their time during the duration of the vomit up. Project MilestonesDeliverables Description electronic mail Software UpdateInstallation of upgrade software telecommunicate System TestingTest system with user groupsEmail System ImplementationGo-live with support and consultation Project Constraints/Risks Cost for the upgrade package will be a factor because of a possible increase in cost over the current system. With a high employee turnover, experts will be hired in-house on a temporary basis, selected by the project manager, to work on the project. One danger that may occur is the system being taken down for periods of time, disabling communication agency wide. This risk will be adverted by working on the system during downtimeand spend time, with advance notice to forewarn all employees, including telecommuting users.Project Manager Authority and Responsibilities1. Staffing the project manager will determine the skill requirements for the Email upgrade project and provide them, along with specific team member names, by February 28, 2014. 2. Communications status reports will be provided to the Sponsor bi-monthly. 3. grooming/Tracking this project will be tracked using our in-house project management software. 4. Document/System Access the project manager is authorise access to any company document or system in the pursuit of this project completion.5. The project manager will provide a project plan to the Sponsor no later than March 1, 2014.The project plan will include a description of the work, schedules, budget, spending plan, resource utilization charts and risk management plans. Support Requirements from Other Organizations The Email Upgrade Project is set as a high priority for ODS. in operation(p) managers will provide all the support needed to the project manager. some(prenominal) scheduling conflicts will be resolved by the CEO of ODHS. ascribable to the limited resources available in-house, some labor will be promise with outside vendors for the installation and testing. Vendor will support the project by providing staffing from their agency as well, number of staff and hours to be agreed to in a subcontract agreement.

Papa Johns Term Paper

Subject Term radical soda pop baths pascal Johns hostile HISTORY OF COMPANY public address system Johns was founded by John Schnatter. John worked at a local pizza pie pub in Jeffersonville, Indiana when he was in High School. While he was working there, he realized that there was something missing from the interior(a) pizza chains which was a superior-quality conventional pizza delivered am leftover to the customers door. His dream was to one twenty-four hour period open a pizza restaurant that would fill that void.In 1983, John Schnatter delivered his closing campus pizza, picked up his telephone line degree from Ball State University, and went back to Jeffersonville, Indiana. There, at age 22, he knocked down the broom closet in his fathers tavern (Micks Lounge) sold his prized 1971 Z28 Camaro, purchased $1,600 worth of used restaurant equipment, and began delivering pizzas out of the back of the bar. public address system Johns opened its first pizza restaurant i n 1984. (2) CORPORATE nurture tonic Johns pizza pie Corporate Office is placed at 2002 protoactinium Johns Boulevard, Louisville, KY 40299.Their phone mo is (502)261-7272. The chief opemilitary rating officer is Nigel Travis, the COO is Jude Thompson, and the CFO is David Flanery. (1) STOCK MARKET INFORMATION dada Johns is under NASDAQ stock market and their symbol is PZZA. As of April 12, 2010, their business line market price was $27. 88. Their stock prices are down -. 84. (6) COMPANYS REPUTATION pascal Johns is the recognized quality leader of the pizza year and is the worlds third largest pizza company. For nine of the conclusion ten years, consumers have rated Papa Johns No. in customer satisfaction among all home(a) pizza chains in the American client Satisfaction superpower (ACSI). Papa Johns also was honored by Restaurants Institutions Magazine (RI) with the 2009 Gold Award for Consumers alternative in Chains in the pizza segment. In 2006, for the third accomp anying year consumers have honored Papa Johns (NASDAQ PZZA) with the egest rating among national pizza delivery and take-out chains in the prestigious Restaurants Institutions Consumers Choice in Chains Survey.Papa Johns, which earned its best overall score ever, outdistanced the next approximate national take-out and delivery chain by a record security deposit of almost six points. Restaurants and Institutions 2006 Consumers Choice in Chains Survey issue Pizza Delivery and Take-Out Chains - Overall Score Atmosphere Cleanliness public toilet - - Papa Johns 52. 31% 44% 52% - - Pizza hovel 46. 8 34 40 49 - - Little Caesars 44. 9 24 34 53 - - Dominos Pizza 43. 3 24 36 51 -Food tone of voice Good Reputation Menu Variety Service Value - Papa Johns 66% 64% 48% 50% 49% - Pizza Hut 58 58 46 43 40 - Little Caesars 44 42 30 37 69 - Dominos Pizza 47 50 37 43 46 - For nine consecutive years (1999 2008), Papa Johns has been rated number one n customer sati sfaction among all national pizza chains in the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) released by the National Quality Research Center at the University of lettuce Business School. Top rated national pizza delivery and take-out chain in Restaurants & Institutions Consumers Choice in Chains Survey seven out of the last nine years (1998 2000, 2002 and 2004 2006). Pizzamarketplace. com 2006 Pizza Chain of the course Voted Best Pizza in more than 50 U. S. markets over the last several years, including in Los Angeles, upper-case letter D. C. , Atlanta, Dallas, Indianapolis, Orlando, Knoxville and Phoenix. Highest rated national pizza delivery and take-out chain in RealPeopleRatings. com, an online craply rating site. Tied for first as the highest rated national pizza chain in the 2007 Zagat/Today Show Fast Food Survey. Silver winner of the 2006 Brandweek Customer Loyalty Award in the pizza category. Named Delivery Operator of the Year among pizza chains in the United Kingdom by the Pizza and Pasta Association (2005 2006). CHIEF COMPETITORS Papa Johns top chief competitors are Dominos, Little Caesars, and Pizza Hut. FINANCIAL smirch OF COMPANY (PAST AND PRESENT) Fourth quarter earnings per reduce appoint of $0. 49 in 2009 vs. $0. 46 in 2008 and full-year earnings per thin share of $2. 06 in 2009 vs. $1. 30 in 2008 Fourth quarter earnings per thin out share, excluding noteworthy items, were $0. 41 in 2009 vs. $0. 8 in 2008 and full-year earnings per diluted share, excluding celebrated items, were $1. 50 in 2009 vs. $1. 68 in 2008 Domestic system-wide comparable sales minifyd 0. 5% for the quarter and were even for the year International right system sales increased 18% for the quarter (13% excluding the impact of foreign property exchange rates) and 14% for the year (24% excluding the impact of foreign currency exchange rates) 11 exonerate Papa Johns worldwide unit openings during the quarter and 89 lucre openings during the year Earnings gu idance for 2010 reaffirmed at a range of $1. 70 to $1. 90 per diluted share, excluding the impact of consolidating BIBPPapa Johns International, Inc. (NASDAQ PZZA) today announced revenues of $280. 5 million for the fourth quarter of 2009, compared to revenues of $279. 6 million in 2008. Net income for the fourth quarter of 2009 was $13. 7 million, or $0. 49 per diluted share (including after-tax income of $1. 3 million, or $0. 05 per diluted share, from the consolidation of the results of the franchisee-owned cheese buying company, BIBP Commodities, Inc. (BIBP), a variable interest entity, and a gain of $1. 0 million, or $0. 03 per diluted share, from the finalisation of authoritative income tax issues), compared to 2008 fourth quarter net income of $12. 8 million, or $0. 6 per diluted share (including after-tax income of $600,000, or $0. 02 per diluted share, from the consolidation of BIBP, a gain of $1. 2 million, or $0. 04 per diluted share, from the finalization of certain i ncome tax issues and an after-tax charge of $2. 2 million, or $0. 08 per diluted share, colligate to restaurant impairment and disposition losses). Consolidated revenues for 2009 were $1. 11 billion, representing a decrease of 2. 3% from revenues of $1. 13 billion for 2008. Net income for 2009 was $57. 5 million, or $2. 06 per diluted share (including after-tax income of $14. 6 million, or $0. 52 per diluted share, from the consolidation of BIBP and a gain of $1. 0 million, or $0. 4 per diluted share, from the finalization of certain income tax issues), compared to net income of $36. 8 million, or $1. 30 per diluted share, for 2008 (including a net loss of $6. 9 million, or $0. 24 per diluted share, from the consolidation of BIBP, a gain of $1. 7 million or $0. 06 per diluted share from the finalization of certain income tax issues and an after-tax charge of $5. 5 million, or $0. 20 per diluted share, related to restaurant impairment and disposition losses). FRANCHISE OPPORTUNITIES before long Papa Johns has a 2010 U. S. Development Incentive computer programme for franchise opportunities. This program currently offers NO FRANCHISE FEE A REDUCED ROYALTY RATE FOR THE FIRST 12 MONTHS FOR ON-TIME RESTAURANT OPENINGS, INCLUDING A 0% ROYALTY RATE FOR RESTAURANTS OPENED BY JUNE 2010 A unembellished WOW OVEN SET (UP TO $32,000 VALUE) AND A CREDIT ON FOOD PURCHASES OF UP TO $3,000. If you do not qualify for the 2010 U. S. Development Incentive Program then these are the regular franchise requirements and fees Minimum of $50,000 in cash or liquid assets Minimum net worth of $150,000 and Ability to obtain finance up to $200,000. Additional franchisee qualifications and requirements include The prospective franchisee should have at to the lowest degree one partner with a successful business management play down and one partner who qualifies as the Principal Operator. For single-unit development, an individual can defend to be both owner and Principal Operator. T he Principal Operator must(prenominal) have prior general management experience relative to the number of units to be developed and must own or have the right to acquire at least 5% equity in the business within 12 months of hire date. A fully completed betoken for Consideration Form and current resume must be submitted for distributively member of the proposed franchise group or the owner operator, including the proposed Principal Operator. Also, Papa Johns will request supporting documentation from each proposed owner. Franchise Fees The initial franchise fee is $25,000 per restaurant. ** Waived for 2010 An ongoing royalty fee of 5% of net sales is due on a monthly basis. * Reduced for 2010 Papa Johns requires that a minimum of 7% of net monthly sales be spent by each franchisee for merchandising purposes*, as follows 2. 94% on national fund and 4. 06% on co-op and/or local marketing initiatives. Also, $9,000 must be spent on grand opening publicize for each of the first two r estaurants. Papa Johns Franchise Offering bank note includes more detailed information regarding marketing and advertising fees. FUTURE PLANS In an effort to further enhance its pan-India presence, the US-based delivery pizza restaurant chain, Papa Johns is planning to open 10 more Papa Johns outlets by the end of current quarter (April-June 2010). BIBLIOGRAPHY (1)Chris Sternberg Papa Johns International, Inc. (April 29, 2010).Papa Johns Names Jude Thompson Co-CEO along with Founder and chairman John Schnatter. http//ir. papajohns. com/releasedetail. cfm? ReleaseID=464972 (2)Papa Johns International. (2010). Retrieved April 18, 2010, from http//company. papajohns. com/about/pj_story. shtm (3)Franchise opportunities. (2010). Retrieved April 13, 2010, from, http//company. papajohns. com/franchise_opps/index. shtm (4)Financial overview. (2010). Retrieved on April 18, 2010, from, http//ir. papajohns. com/ (5)Financial information. (2010). Retrieved on April 21, 2010, from, http//ir. p apajohns. com/financials. cfm (6)Stock information. (2010). Retrieved on April 12, 2010, from, http//ir. papajohns. com/stockquote. cfm

Conflict in Organizations, Good or Bad Essay

Organizational contest is a state of discord pissd by an actual or perceived opposition of asks, determine and interests among concourse releaseing together. mesh takes many forms in organizations. in that location is the inevitable clangor between formal authority and power and those privates and groups affected. There atomic number 18 dis regorgees over how revenues should be divided, how the elaborate should be done and how long and hard mess should roleplay ( group and relationship contrast). There ar jurisdictional disagreements among psyches, executives, motorbuss, teams, departments, and between unions and management. There ar subtler forms of infringe involving rivalries, jealousies, in the flesh(predicate)isedity clashes, role definitions, and fights for power and favor. There is withal departure deep d deliver individuals between competing needinesss and demands to which individuals respond in unlike ports.A process that begins when an indi vidual or group perceives differences and opposition between itself and anformer(a) individual or group roughly interest and resources, be remainfs, prizes or practices that matter to them. It occurs or arises due to difference in expected quantify and knowledge, poor communication, fear, attachment, incompatible values, harassments, stress, scarce resources, past trauma, mis chthonianstandings and perceived oppression. It also arises unremarkably during mergers and acquisitions, union negotiations, performance appraisals, interpersonal issues, changing job functions, d witnesssizing and reorganizations. skirmish has negative effects on organizations such(prenominal) as, increase in turnovers, absenteeism, wellness issues, wasted resources, increase in production cost and decrease in job satisfaction and performance. Its positive effects include, increases effort of doers, diagnostic information, creativity, education of new skills and forming of deep bonds. Conflicts smoke be handled by means of integrating, forcing, contestation, sharing, smoothing, reverseing and compromising.There are devil ways of looking at organizational troth the useful and dysfunctional. separately of these ways is linked to a different set of assumptions ab emerge the purpose and function of organizations. Conflict that occurs in organizations need not be destructive, provided the susceptibility associated with conflict is harnessed and directed towards problem-solving and organizational improvement. However, managing conflict effectively requires that alone parties understand the nature of conflict in the workplace. The dysfunctional thinking (bad) of organizational conflict is imbedded in the judgement that organizations are created to achieve goals by creating structures that perfectly define job responsibilities, authorities, and other job functions. Here, for each one worker knows where he or she fits, knows what he or she mustiness do and knows how to l ink up to others in the organization. This traditional situation of organizations values castliness, st office and the repression of any conflict that occurs.To the traditional organizational thinker conflict implies that the organization is not intentional or structured correctly or adequately. Common remedies would be to upgrade elaborate job descriptions, authorities and responsibilities, increase the use of central power (discipline), separate conflicting components, etc. This view of organizations and conflict causes problems. Unfortunately, most managers consciously or unconsciously, value some of the characteristics of this orderly environment. Problems arise when it is not agnize that this way of looking at organizational conflict only fits organizations that work in routine ways, where foundation garment and change are virtually eliminated. closely all government organizations work within a very surreptitious context one characterized by constant change and a need for constant adaptation.Trying to structure away conflict and disagreement in a dynamic environment requires tremendous amounts of energy, and will also persecute any positive outcomes that whitethorn come from disagreement, such as improve decision-making and innovation. When a bad conflict worsens it becomes an monstrous conflict. Ugly conflicts occurs where the manager (and maybe employees) act to eliminate or suppress conflict in situations where it is unachievable to do so. Ugly conflicts in organizations occur when conflicts run for years, people view given up on resolving and addressing conflict problems, there is a inviolable deal of private bitching and complaining more thanover little attempt to fix the problem and when staff show little interest in operative to achieve common goals, but spend more fourth dimension and energy on protecting themselves Under these circumstances there is a tendency to look to the manager or formal leader as being responsible for the mess. In fact, that is how most employees would look at the situation.It is full-strength that managers and supervisors play critical roles in determining how conflict is handled in the organization, but it is also true that the avoidance of these ugly conflicts must be a shared responsibility. Management and employees must work together in a cooperative way to reduce them, and increase the likelihood that conflict put up be channeled into an effective force for change. The functional (good) view of organizational conflict sees conflict as a productive force, one that behind take members of the organization to increase their knowledge and skills, and their contribution to organizational innovation and productivity. unconnected the position mentioned above, this more modern approach considers that the keys to organization success lie not in structure, clarity and orderliness, but in creativity, responsiveness and adaptability. The sure-fire organization, then, needs conflict so that diverging views can be put on the table, and new ways of doing things can be created. The functional view of conflict also suggests that conflict provides people with feedback about how things are going. fifty-fifty personality conflicts carry information to the manager about what is not working in an organization, affording the probability to improve.Personal conflictPersonal conflict refers to an individuals inner workings and personality problems. Conflict sometimes has a destructive effect on the individuals and groups involved. At other times, however, conflict can increase the capacity of those affected to help deal with problems, and therefore it can be used as a motivating force toward innovation and change. Conflict is encountered in two general forms. Many difficulties in this empyrean are beyond the scope of management and more in the state of a professional counselor, but there are some aspects of personal conflict that managers should understand and some th ey can possibly help remedy. cordial conflict include interpersonal, intragroup, and intergroup differencesRole ConflictAnother facet of personal conflict has to do with the multiple roles people play in organizations. distributively member of the organization belongs to a role set, which is an association of individuals who share reciprocalist tasks and thus perform formally defined roles, which are further influenced both by the expectations of others in the role set and by ones own personality and expectations. For example, in an organization, employees are expected to learn from the teacher by listening to him, following his directions, undertaking assigned tasks, and maintaining appropriate standards of conduct. The manager is expected to provide the employee with high-quality working materials and resources, give advice and direction, conduct evaluation tests and work appraisals, provide a conducive working environment, and set a good example. The system of roles to which a n individual belongs extends outside the organization as well, and influences his functioning within it.As an example, a mans roles as husband, father, son, and church member are all intertwined with each other and with his set of organizational roles. As a consequence, there exist opportunities for role conflict as the various roles interact with one another. Other types of role conflict occur when an individual receives inconsistent demands from another person for example, he is asked to serve on several(prenominal) time-consuming committees at the same time that he is urged to get out more production for his work unit. Another kind of role physical body takes place when the individual finds that he is expected to meet the opposing demands of two or more separate members of the organization. Such a case would be that of a worker who finds himself pressured by his boss to improve the quality of his work while his work group wants more production in order to receive a higher(prenom inal) bonus share.Conflict within groupsConflicts between people in work groups, committees, task forces, and other organizational forms of face-to-face groups are inevitable. As we gather in mentioned, these conflicts may be destructive as well as constructive. Conflict arises in groups because of the scarcity of freedom, position, and resources. People who value independence tend to resist the need for interdependence and, to some extent, conformity within a group. People who seek power therefore struggle with others for position or status within the group. Rewards and recognition are practically perceived as insufficient and improperly distributed, and members are inclined to argue with each other for these prizes. In western culture, winning is more delicious than losing, and competition is more prevalent than cooperation, all of which tends to intensify intragroup conflict. group meetings are oftentimes conducted in a win-lose climate that is, individual or subgroup in teraction is conducted for the purpose of determining a winner and a bankruptcy rather than for achieving mutual problem solving.The win-lose conflict in groups may have negative effects such as divert time and energy from the main issues, delay decisions, create deadlocks, drive unaggressive committee members to the sidelines, intercept with listening, obstruct exploration of more alternatives, decrease or destroy sensitivity, cause defensiveness, members to drop out or resign from committees, arouse anger that disrupts a meeting, interfere with empathy, leave losers resentful, incline underdogs to sabotage, provoke personal abuse. Conflict in the group need not lead to negative results, however, the presence of a dissenting member or subgroup often results in more sharpness of the groups problem as well as more creative solutions. This is because disagreement forces the members to think harder in an attempt to cope with what may be valid objections to general group opinion. But the group must know how to deal with differences that may arise.True interdependence among members leads automatically to conflict colonization in the group. Interdependence recognizes that differences will exist and that they can be helpful. Hence, members learn to accept ideas from dissenters (which does not imply agreeing with them), they learn to listen and to value openness, and they learn to share a mutual problem-solving attitude to ensure the exploration of all facets of a problem facing the group. Intergroup conflict between groups is a sometimes destructive, sometimes necessary, since event occurs at all aims and across all functions in organizations. Intergroup conflict may help generate creative tensions leadership to more effective contributions to the organizations goals, such as competition between sales districts for the highest sales. Intergroup conflict is destructive when it alienates groups that should be working together, when it results in win-lose competit ion, and when it leads to compromises that represent less-than-optimum outcomes. Intergroup conflict occurs in two general forms- Horizontal and unsloped strain.Horizontal strain involves competition between functions for example, sales versus production, research and increment versus engineering, purchasing versus legal, line versus staff, and so on. A clash between a sales department and production over inventory policy would be an example of horizontal strain. Vertical strain involves competition between ranked levels for example, union versus management, foremen versus middle management, shop workers versus foremen. A struggle between a group of employees and management is an example of vertical strain or conflict. reliable activities and attitudes are typical in groups involved in a win-lose conflict. Each side closes ranks and prepares itself for battle. Members show increased loyalty and support for their own groups. tike differences between group members tend to be smoo thed over, and deviants are dealt with harshly. The level of morale in the groups increases and infuses everyone with competitive spirit.The power structure becomes better defined, as the real leaders come to the surface and members rally around the trounce thinkers and talkers. On the other hand, each group tends to distort both its own views and those of the competing group. What is perceived as good in ones own position is emphasized, what is bad is ignored the position of the other group is assessed as uniformly bad, with little good to be acknowledged or accepted. Thus, the vox populi and objectivity of both groups are impaired. When such groups meet to discuss their differences, constructive, apt behavior is severely inhibited. Each side phrases its questions and answers in a way that strengthens its own position and disparages the others.Hostility between the two groups increases mutual understandings are buried in negative stereotypes. It is easy to see that under the con ditions described above, mutual solutions to problems cannot be achieved. As a result, the side having the greater power wins the other side loses. Or the conflict may go unresolved, and undesirable conditions or circumstances continue. Or the conflict may be settled by a higher authority. None of these outcomes is a cheerful one. Disputes settled on the basis of power, such as through a strike or a lockout in a labor-management dispute, are often deeply resented by the loser. Such settlements may be resisted and the winner defeat in underground ways that are difficult to detect and to counter. When this happens, neither side wins both are losers. If the conflict is left unresolved (it becomes an ugly conflict), as when both sides withdraw from the scene, intergroup cooperation and effectiveness may be staidly impaired to the detriment of the entire organization.Disputes that are settled by higher authority also may cause resentment and what is called lose-lose consequences. Such settlements are invariably made on the basis of incomplete information without entropy that the conflict itself obscures and therefore are poor substitutes for mutually reasoned solutions. Strategies for Managing assort Conflicts include Avoidance a management strategy which includes non-attention or creating a total separation of the combatants or a partial separation that allows especial(a) interactions. Smoothing technique which stresses the achievement of harmony between disputants. Dominance or office Intervention the imposition of a solution by higher management, other than the level at which the conflict exists. Compromise strategy that seeks a resolution which satisfies at least part of the each partys position. face-off strategy featuring a thorough and frank discussion of the sources and types of conflict and achieving a resolution that is in the best interest of the group, but that may be at the expense of one or all of the conflicting parties. clever conflict resolver can begin with an economical intervention, such as acquire group members to clarify and reaffirm shared goals. If necessary, he or she moves through a systematic series of interventions, such as testing the members ability and willingness to compromise resorting to confrontation, enforced counseling, and/or termination as last resorts To conclude, the notion that conflict should be avoided is one of the major contributors to the growth of destructive conflict in the workplace. The bad view of conflict is associated with a pot of organizational effectiveness that is no longer valid (and perhaps never was). Conflict can be directed and managed so that it causes both people and organizations to grow, precede and improve.However, this requires that conflict not be repressed, since attempts to repress are more probably to generate very ugly situations. Common repression strategies to be avoided are nonaction, administrative orbiting, secrecy and law and order. Thus, conflic t affecting organizations can occur in individuals, between individuals, and between groups. Also, conflicts within and between work groups in organizations are often caused by struggles over control, status, and scarce resources. The constructive resolution of such conflicts can most often be achieved through a rational process of problem solving, coupled with a willingness to explore issues and alternatives and to listen to each other. Conflict is not always destructive, it may be a motivator. When it is destructive, however, managers need to understand and do something about it.A rational process for relations with the conflict should be programmed. Such a process should include a planned action response on the part of the manager or the organization, rather than relying on a simple reaction or a change that occurs without specific action by management. If managers should subscribe to the flexible vision of effective organizations, and at each conflict situation provide opportun ity to improve, they can have the chance to harness the energy of conflict, directing it to be productive. Rather than trying to eliminate conflict, or suppress its symptoms, their task becomes managing conflict so that it enhances people and organizations, rather than destroying people and organizations. So, the task is to manage conflict, and avoid what we call the ugly.where conflict is allowed to eat away at team cohesiveness and productivity.

Key Drivers Essay

disposed that the development of impudent systems displace be fraught with problems and delays, what drives plaques to develop systems?The well-nigh important drivers come directly from the needs of the business and be oft non related to technology, but require technological solutions.There atomic number 18 a number of possible triggers for the need to develop a new system including designrs identifying a need, organisations needing to grow or acquire other companies in order to extend their trade share, the need to dishonor staffing costs or an organisation needing to keep up with competitors.A few more drivers are considered hereNeed for growthSometimes businesses can become stagnant. This doer they are not growing (gaining new business and exploring new opportunities) or they are shrinking (losing business). Eventually, businesses that do not rescue any grounds or change will begin to decline, although this can take most time.Most organisations want to advance th ey want to expand, become involved in new markets and sum up profits. They need to grow to survive and for this they countenance to assume a strategic plan. This is where the caller-up decides what it wants to do and what direction it wants to take. As art object of this process, its systems will be examined to ensure that they are capable of supporting the proposed growth. If this is not the case, then the organisation has time to address the issues.Company eruditenessIt is not unusual for virtuoso caller-up to buy out other. For example, the media caller Telewest was purchased by the larger group NTL a few years ago. Since then, it has been sold once more this time to the Virgin Media Group.An organisation may well buy another(prenominal) company for any one of or combination of the following reasonsTo chafe new markets A company selling sports equipment, for example, buys a sports clothing company so that it can add products and services to its portfolio that it feels will interest its alive customers. Alternatively, an organisation might purchase a company active in a completely different market sector so that it can get involved in new different activities.To increase market share of existing business One supermarket chain buys out another supermarket chain, thus having more outlets and business overall. To acquire particular assets Sometimes the acquisition is because one company needs to purchase the assets of another company so that it can use them itself. An example might be a gondola car manufacturer buying an advertising company so that it can reduce its marketing and advertising costs.If one organisation acquires another, it can do one of two thingsAllow the systems to continue running separately for each company Find ways of integrating systems so that organisations can work unneuroticWhich route is taken will depend very much on what managers intended when they purchased the company. If the acquiring company does not intend to keep its acquisition, for example, in that respect would be little point in integrating the systems.Need to increase productivenessWhen systems have been in place for a period of time, they are said to crumple. This means that they become less and less useful to the organisation.At implementationSystem will be heavily used in that location will still be debugging activity and training needed.During general useSystem is working as it should and is being used effectively.Start of decayInefficiencies are found that affect organisational productivityWhat causes decay? These are a few examplesNew technology becomes available that would help increase productivity by improving efficiency. Capacity needs increase because sales have improved and productivity output does not match demand. The activities of competitors demand that the organisation improves its ability to oppose. More users working on the system can decrease it down, thereby making the system less productive overall.Legal requ irementsAt times an organisation has no other option but to respond to changes in the legality. Responding to and implementing required changes in health and safety legislation is subjective if an organisation is going to continue to operate within the law.The one favour of changes in legal requirements is that they are usually anticipated. It would not be reliable if changes needed to be made immediately that would disadvantage one company over another. When new laws, or changes in existing laws, occur, companies usually have a grace period of time to prepare prior to the law coming into force.

To the Indians Who Died in South Africa

T S Eliots metrical composition To the Indians who Died in Africa is an interesting Eliot piece. It is non often you read a poesy by Eliot which refrains from striking the grand pose. He tended to invoke the giant issues of hu homo beings soul every time he penned a poem, except of course, when he wrote those cat poems. But this is a puzzlingly small-aimed poem. A bit advise non grand wisdom, I guess. That this poem in imbued in the war and conglomerate atmosphere is obvious. What he has to say to the Indians is funnily passive, Look, it is ok if you dampen absurdly in a foreign country.It is noteworthy how Eliot deploys rhetoric to bend the reader that it is indeed true that there was a common dissolve among the Indian and the position soldiers. It appears to me that in the first two stanzas the speaker evokes the depiction of the normal scene so that we see how different it is for one to die in a foreign country. Then of course he goes on to assert that this need no more be seen as unique or as tragic. He bes to suggest that the place where a man meets his destiny is his terminus. He associates destiny with the inevitable culmination of ones life as well as ones efforts.He suggests that the sort between foundation and exile is illusory that the opposition between our and your is not real. Every country will have such places where foreigners are interred (whether it is the English midlands or some village in Punjab Five Rivers). He emphasises that the common purpose really erases the differences that notions of home and exile foster the severalize that notions of national difference highlight. The death of an Indian soldier in Africa fighting Germany and defending England whitethorn appear absurd.But the speaker points out that the Indian and the English soldiers are united in a common purpose. As for great meaning in such lives and deaths, he says it is to be seen only afterward final judgment. To the Indians Who Died in Africa * T. S. E liot A mans destination is his own village, His own fire, and his wifes cooking To sit in front of his own door at sunset And see his grandson, and his populates grandson Playing in the dust together. Scarred yet secure, he has many memories Which return at the hour of conversation, (The warm or the calm hour, according to the climate)Of foreign men, who fought in foreign places, Foreign to each other. A mans destination is not his destiny, Every country is home to one man And exile to another. Where a man dies bravely At one with his destiny, that soil is his. Let his village remember. This was not your land, or ours but a village in the Midlands, And one in the Five Rivers, may have the same graveyard. Let those who go home tell the same story of you Of action with a common purpose, action None the slight fruitful if neither you nor we Know, until the judgement after death, What is the fruit of action.Eliot, T. S. To the Indians Who Died in Africa. collect Poems 1909-1962 T his is what Narayan Chandran has to say about this poem It is intriguing that T. S. Eliot has repeatedly drawn upon Indic sources, especially the Bhagavad-Gita and its philosophy of disinterested action, while writing on war and sphere affairs through the 1940s. Eliots Occasional Verses, particularly To the Indians who Died in Africa, stool the poets imperialist biases, unlike much of his poetry, in which they do not seem to surface visibly as in his prose writings and conversations.Couched in the language and imagery of the Gita, Eliot seems to tell the Indians that their action is its own reward the raillery hardens as we recall historical facts and situations that drove hapless Indians to support the ally war effort in many theaters outside India. The essay excessively looks at two other British writers on Indian themes, Kipling and Forster, whose texts seem to cast an interesting sidelight on action, whose punning resonance Eliot seems to zest in writing his war poems. Eli ot, evidently, had little use for the philosophy he quoted back to the distressed Indians.

African Americans and Southern Racism During Reconstruction Essay

IntroductionAt the end of the well-mannered state of war, the States faced the difficult task of uniting not only ii marooned territories of the United States, but also two be givens enormous separated by racism and culture. Devastated and embittered by the damage of the war, the South had a long way to go in order to achieve true compare between the former slave owners and former slaves. The majority of the South remained peck in racialist behavior, finding post-Civil War legal loopholes to diminish African American rights (Tindall & Shi, 2010, pp. 757-758). southerners continued to marginalize Blacks in their behavior toward ex-slaves and the later African American generation, continuing the escalation of racial tensions through white terror and preferential military positions (Tindall & Shi, 2010, p. 759). Most subversively, southern newspapers propagated stereotypes against African Americans in their coverage and descriptions of constitutional expressions (Logue, 1979, p. 342). Although ingrained Reconstruction offered some progress toward social equality after the Civil War, its success was short-lived as African Americans suffered vast disenfranchisement through anti-Semite(a) rulings, attitudes, and media representation in the South at the second of the century.Rulings against African Americans by and by the Civil War had come to an end, African Americans in the South pronto made use of their new-found political and social rights, employing their right to vote from the fifteenth Amendment and serving as prominent political figures (Tindall & Shi, 2010, p. 722). However, the formerly fervent inscription to Radical Reconstruction curtly dwindled (Tindall & Shi, 2010, p. 739). Many of the advances toward civilized equality were soon erased In 1883, the Supreme Court declared the Civil Rights Laws of 1875 unconstitutional, and the political precedent Blacks had gained, especially in the South where 90% of Blacks lived, was completely undon e. Black elector fellowship dropped from 96% to 26% in South Carolina in effective 12 days (1876-1888) in those same 12 geezerhood, voter participation of Blacks dropped from 53% to 18% in Georgia (Burris-Kitchen & Burris, 2011, p. 5). Even while African Americans enjoyed an uninhibited freedom to voting rights, many an(prenominal) still suffered disenfranchisement at the workforce of rampant racial discrimination in the South.Although discontent Southerners could not balk the Black right to vote, they found ulterior methods to marginalize African Americans. Since the ordinal Amendment made it impossible simply to deny African Americans the right to vote, disenfranchisement was courtly indirectly, through such devices as poll taxes (or head taxes) and literacy tests (Tindall & Shi, 2010, p. 757). Jim Crow laws mandated racial segregation in public areas in the South and were very much attended by physical abuse and terror to African Americans (Tindall & Shi, 2010, pp. 756- 759).These underhand activities in the South demonstrated that while African Americans were technically free, they continually suffered from unsportsmanlike rulings and actions. These sprang from the rampantly racist attitudes in the South Although great strides were made toward political and economic freedom for Blacks following the Civil War, the progress made was quickly squashed by political movements and rhetoric, which implied that Blacks could not handle their newly-found freedom and that the albumen working class was threatened by Blacks who were trying to take their jobs, their property, and their politics away from them (Burris-Kitchen & Burris, 2011, p. 5).Racist AttitudesMany Southerners continued to believe and propagate these ideas that African Americans had a subversive agenda to the White working class. These ideas culminated in ingrained attitudes against African Americans in the South During the 1890s the attitudes that had permitted moderation in race relati ons evaporated. A violent negrophobia swept across the South and more than of the nation at the end of the century (Tindall & Shi, 2010, p. 756). However, African Americans at the turn of the century had become weary of disenfranchisement and were ready to stand up against these attitudes This generation was more assertive and less patient than their parents. We are not the Negro from who the chains of slavery fell a quarter century ago, just about assuredly not, a black editor announced (Tindall &Shi, 2010, p. 756). Unfortunately, this may nominate simply increased a White agenda of racial discrimination, as a growing number of young white adults, however, were equally stubborn to relieve Negroes in their place (Tindall & Shi, 2010, p. 756).Whether Southerners felt that African Americans imposed a threat to their jobs, their safety, or their rights, the overarching attitude of the South clearly displayed a reinforced desire to maintain racial dominance of the pre-Civil War e ra. Part of this attitude motivated a desire to limit education for African Americans To keep Blacks uneducated meant Whites could boast of their superior intellect this had been in the arsenal of Whites for hundreds of years prior to Reconstruction and continues to be used over 130 years after Reconstruction. Denial of education for Blacks existed through Reconstruction as a form of White racism and a justification for their inferior political and economic status (Burris-Kitchen & Burris, 2011, p. 6). Any kind of advantage Whites could claim in the South became ammunition in their discriminatory attitudes. These ideas and attitudes fed the propagation of racist stereotypes and bias in southern newspapers.Prejudiced Media in the South perchance the most subtle yet shocking form of racism in the South during Reconstruction was the biased reportage of many southern newspapers. Whether the ideas and attitudes of many southern Whites influenced these published stereotypes or vice versa, it is clear that southern publications often encourage and promoted racist attitudes at the end of the century. A publication in Charleston, South Carolina displayed this racist subtext While promising its readers truth, the Charleston Mercury mocked journalistic license by actually printing racist ridicule. A favourite method was to scorn African-Americans in the convention as a race, exploiting racist attitudes saved by white readers from slavery (Logue, 1979, p. 339). Covering the constitutional convention in Columbia in 1867, white journalists used racist stereotypes in describing the black delegates involvement Reporters emphasized how blacks would chuckle and grin, thereby exploiting the racist confidence of many whites that blacks were mere fun-loving, animal-like creatures who had to be protected from themselves (Logue, 1979, p. 341).The Charleston paper encouraged racistattitudes through the ridicule of black speech and pronunciation, mocking ex-slave ignorance sooner t han reporting important issues discussed at the convention When blacks debated the issue of changing the claim of districts to counties, for example, the only thing the reporters heard was the very awkward sound of deestrict as district is pronounced by some of the delegates. Because of their preoccupation with such factors, reporters seldom informed their readers about issues that were discussed, such as public education, relief from debts, taxes, and so on (Logue, 1979, p. 342). In this manner, the South remained entrapped in a media-fueled suspicion and devotion of African Americans, feeding the continued presence of racism and discrimination during the post-Civil War reconstruction.ConclusionIn conclusion, the progress of Radical Reconstruction more often than not failed to correct the disenfranchisement of African Americans in the South on a long-term scale. The attitudes of the Southern whites continued to influence the freedom of former slaves as they faced cutting rulin gs, racist attitudes, and biased media. While some African Americans from further generations were largely un willinging to bow subserviently to the effects of white terror and discrimination, civil rights equality had a long and arduous path to completion in the South. While many of the racist attitudes of the post-Civil War South seem shocking to a modern-day reader, the influence of the actions and attitudes of white Southerners serves as a varan of the power of repeated falsehoods, particularly within media subtext and bias.The disenfranchisement of African Americans during reconstruction displays the close of deep-seated racial prejudice based on fear, stubbornness, and ignorance. As Burris-Kitchen and Burris prefigure out Throughout American history, Blacks have been demonized and criminalized, and this history has led us to where we are today. Until we can change the perceptions of Blacks through the media, political and economic arenas they will continue to pay the price for an inherently racist political, economic, educational, and criminal legal expert system (Burris-Kitchen & Burris, 2011, p. 14).ReferencesBurris-Kitchen, D., & Burris, P. (2011). From slavery to prisons Ahistorical delineation of the criminalization African Americans. Journal of Global Intelligence & Policy, 4 (5), 1-16. Retrieved from http//0-web.ebscohost.com.library.regent.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=adef70d4-c4d9-4d2b-b5c9-3b1efa487879%40sessionmgr14&vid=2&hid=127 Logue, C. M. (March 1979). Racist reporting during reconstruction. Journal of Black Studies, 9 (3), 335-349. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/2784304 Tindall, G. B. Shi, D. E. (2010). America A recital history (8th ed.). New York W.W. Norton & Company.