Field Programmable Gate Array based Digital Module

Field Programmable Gate Array based digital facultyField Programmable Gate Array based Digital Module for Laser Frequency StabilizationA.Rastogi1, N. Batra, S.De2, S.Panja and A. Sen GuptaIntroductionFrequency stabilized optical masers ar a crucial part in variety of atom-photon try outs much(prenominal) as nuclear spectroscopy 1, optical maser engine cooling placement 2, probing the excited states of atoms 3 and so on Depending on the application, a stability in bandwidth from few MHz to wedge heel Hz maybe required. It is therefore, essential to stabilize the frequence of a optical maser source to an absolute fictional character. Atoms or ultra stable fabry- perot cavities ar office for this purpose 4. such(prenominal) stabilization schemes require electronic feedback / servo hand-builds that digest for a correction in optical maser absolute oftenness deviation.At CSIR-NPL, we be ontogenesis the first optical oftenness standard in India with a single trapped Ytterbium ion (171Yb+). The project aims at trapping a single Yb ion in a Paul trap, laser cooling the ion to ab out mK temperatures for a very(prenominal) relative frequency measurement of the ultranarrow octupole extendageway at a wavelength of 467 nm. The 171Yb+ frequency standard will require a synchronal operation of five lasers for photoionization (399 nm), cooling (369 nm), repumping (935 nm and 760 nm) and probing the clock transition (467 nm) 5. tot all toldy the laser lights for our try out would be produced from extended cavity rectifying valve lasers (ECDL) which drift in their frequencies imputable to environmental factors as temperature fluctuations and mechanical vibrations. Such drifting renders them unstable and hence, incorporating frequency stabilization systems becomes an essential requirement for precise frequency standards. In general a frequency stabilization of a laser, as for example using flesh out(a) absorption spectroscopy 6, requires the use o f a frequency synthesizer for s freighterning and passage of the laser frequency , lock-in amplifier for word form sensitive detection, low / tall pass riddles, and servo electronics for provide hold up places to the piezo / ongoing terminals of the laser. Instead of procuring these analog staffs for each of the lasers use in our taste, we induce taken an effort of developing them indigenously with an all digital control using palm programmable gate array technology(FPGA). Hence, the turn tailality of all the hardware partings can be embedded inside a single chip. In this paper, we present an FPGA based laser frequency stabilization design and furnish some preliminary results of the performance of the FPGA design mental facultys.An active laser feedback control interlace mainly consists of a lock-in amplifier (providing signifier sensitive detection) and a pelvic inflammatory disease controller. As mentioned earlier, the controller generates correction call atten tions that drive either a piezo attached to the laser cavity (as in case of ECDL lasers) or a current so as to ad further the laser frequency. Using FPGAs the entire functionality of a laser frequency lock system can be apply in a single chip with an area of few mm2 . Moreoer, the really concurrent nature of FPGA processing algorithms results in the FPGA design modules behaving like devote hardware overlaps. Minimal use of hardware leads to lesser probability of plectrum up noise from the surroundings and also reduces cost. The FPGAs could always be reprogrammed to desegregate extra hang oners, multipliers, filters i.e. they provide re-configurability.FPGAs are programmed using hardware description languages (HDL) such as Verilog-HDL or VHDL. We suck up apply the laser frequency lockup modules using VHDL. A formal of various VHDL design modules implementing a laser frequency locking setup is shown in Fig.1. In our module, the FPGA chip (Xilinx terrible 6 XCSLX16) receiv es an introduce bode either from an nuclear spectroscopy or from a fabry-perot cavity4 6 .As shown in Fig.1, the acousto-optic modulator (AOM) does amplitude changeovers of the laser bless resulting in variations in the eagerness of light at the photodetector outturn. This chantd quest at the photodiode end product is the derivative of the laser absorption sign i.e. proportional to the slope of a resonant feature. At a resonant frequency, the derivative portend is zipper and on both sides of resonance, the derivative prefigure is one hundred eighty degrees in physical body. This signal is the stimulation to the FPGA systemwhich is therefore digitised using a 12-bit A/D convertor (AD7476) and thence passed through a gamy pass filter component. steep up pass filtering extracts the proud frequency modulated features from the stimulant signal. The filtered signal then goes to the input of the lock-in amplifier component (that implements cast sensitive detection). The reference signal for the lock-in amplifier comes from a VHDL component that implements a shape DDS generator. A phase shifted version of this reference signal can be used by the AOM to amplitude modulate the laser signal. The lock-in amplifier component demodulates the modulated photodiode signal by multiplying it with the reference signal followed by low pass filtering thereby generating what is called an demerit signal. The error signal contains information as to which side of resonance, the laser frequency is. This signal is then processed by a pelvic inflammatory disease controller component. The control signals generated by the PID component adjust the laser piezo and current signals in such a way so as to ensure that the error signal is always zero (which corresponds to a resonant frequency).Many a times, it is needed to just discern over the complete laser spectrum or to zoom in on a particular(a) spectral feature. In this case, the PID bring through is disabled and a slow triangular scan signal (generated by a scan generator component) is fed to the laser piezo.All signals coming out of the FPGA are converted into the analog form via 12-bit DAC (DAC121S101). Moreover, to aid in the supple tuning of locking parameters such as the lock-in gain, PID parameters, modulation frequency and phase, scan amplitude and frequency we are working on developing a graphical user interface (GUI) that would allow easy assenting to and modification of the parameters values inside the FPGA registers. build 1 A schematic of an FPGA based closed loop laser frequency locking system. The experiment (atomic spectroscopy setup) and the electronic feedback servo (implemented using FPGA) are shown separately. On the justly is shown the orbit of our FPGA development board with the Xilinx based FPGA chip at the centre. All the feedback components have been implemented as programmable VHDL modules .Results of Some of the VHDL design modulesOperation of the idiosyncrat ic VHDL modules as well as of the entire system as shown in Fig.1.have been verified, as for example, by observing the physical signals generated from the software implementation of lock-in amplifier, high pass filter , square DDS , scan generator etc. present we are showing some of these results from our prototype setup.Function GenerationWe have implemented the functional behaviour of a square DDS generator and a triangular generatorby developing VHDL components for them. The take of the square DDS module is used as a reference signal for the lock-in detection stage and a phase shifted version of the reference signal is used in the amplitude modulation of the laser frequency by the AOM. The siding of the triangular generator is used as a scan signal that drives the laser piezo for observing the laser absorption spectra over a wide range of frequencies. The signals generated from these VHDL components are shown in Fig.2 (a-b).Figure 2 (a) Shows a square wave of 20 KHz. This wou ld be used as a reference signal for lock-in detection and for modulation by the AOM. (b) Shows a triangular scan of 10 Hz. This would be prone to the laser piezo for scanning over a huge range of laser spectrum. (c) A sin wave of 100 Hz (red) was distorted by a high frequency pseudo random sequence resulting in a distorted signal (blue). The high pass filter module filters out the low frequencies and only high frequencies remain (green). For the response shown, the cut-off frequency was kept at 1 KHz.High Pass FilterOur high pass filter implements a first order IIR digital filter. As shown in Fig.1.the high pass filtering is needed to extract the high frequency amplitude modulations of the photodiode signal superimposed over the slowly scanned doppler absorption profile. As a way of verifying the functionality of this component, a low frequency sinning way (100 Hz) was added to a pseudo-random number sequence (10-bit maximal sequence) which was generated at 1 MHz. The result is a highly distorted sine wave comprising high frequency fluctuations superimposed over a slowly varying sine wave. When such a signal is passed through the high pass filter component, the slow sinusoid is removed and only the fast fluctuations appear at the filter payoff. The cut-off frequency determines the signal at the output. The high pass filtering is shown in Fig.2 (c).Lock -In Amplifier(Phase Sensitive Detector)Software implementation of a lock-in amplifier constitutes developing a binary multiplier in conjunction with a low pass filter. The binary multiplier multiplies an input signal with a reference signal The product is then passed to the low pass filter of a competent cut-off frequency such that only the portion of the input signal that occurs at the reference frequency remain while the rest are filtered out. Moreover, the output of the lock-in amplifier (i.e. the low pass filtered signal) is directly proportional to the amplitude of the input signal and inversely propo rtional to the relative phase difference between the input and reference signals. Hence, for a given phase relationship, theoutput increases with increase in input signal amplitude. Similarly, for a fixed amplitude of input signal, the output is maximum when the reference and input signals are in phase (0 degrees) minimal when the two are out of phase (180 degrees) and averages to zero when they are 90 degrees phase separated. In Fig. 3, we demonstrate the amplitude and phase dependence of a lock-in amplifier circuit whose behaviour we have implemented in VHDL. The input signal to this component was an internally generated sine wave (5 KHz) and the reference signal was a square wave (5 KHz). From Fig.3 (a) , it is clear that as the amplitude of input signal (red) increases, the output signal (blue) shifts in the upward direction. For very small input signals (near to zero) , the output is also close to zero. From Fig.3(b), it is clear that the outputs of the lock-in amplifier ar e equal and opposite for phase separation of 0 (blue) and 180 degrees (red) between the input and reference signals. Moreover, the output signal averages to zero (green) when the corresponding phase difference is 90 degrees.Figure 3 (a),(b) and (c)show the dependence of the lock-in amplifier output (blue) upon the input signal (red). As the input signal amplitude increases from (a) to (c), the output level also shifts up(d) The mean of the lock-in amplifier is minimum when the phase difference between the reference signal and input is 180 degrees (red), maximum when the two are in phase (blue) and lies in the shopping center of the two extremes when the phase difference is 90 degrees (green).Implementation of Frequency locking Using Simulated Atomic SpectroscopyReference frequency from the laser driven atomic spectroscopy is currently not available due to in- availability of the laser.Therefore, to overcome this practical situation and test the FPGA based frequency locking modules ,we describe an elegent assumption scheme for testing the closed loop FPGA based frequency control by simulating the atomic spectroscopy experiment described in 6 inside the FPGA chip itself. Essentially, inside the FPGA chip , there would be two main modules (1) An experiment module that simulates a saturated absorption spectroscopy setup and (2) A feedback module that implements lock-in detection and a PID control action.The experiment module would include three components A laser piezo scan / control block that receives a electromotive force at its input and generates a frequency as a predetermined function of that emf an atomic spectroscopy block which generates a derivative intensity profile as a function of the frequency from the piezo block . This in effect results in a derivative feature as a function of the input voltage to the piezo block. In addition , there is a modulation block that mimics an AOM driver. The block modulates the derivative signal in a certain algor ithm such that the positive and negative cycles of the derivative signal are 180 degrees out of phase. The modulated signal then goes to the feedback block. The functions for voltage to frequency conversion and for frequency to derivative intensity conversion can be carefully chosen such that over one complete scan cycle , the derivative is zero at a particular voltage. The frequency corresponding to this voltage is the desired frequency and the feedback loop should effectively generate a voltage corresponding to this frequency by make the error signal zero. In this sense, the feedback module includes the basic components as high pass filter (for removing the slow doppler profile features from the modulated derivative signal) , lock-in amplifier (for phase sensitive demodulation of the derivative signal thereby giving an error signal) , a PID controller loop that fixes the error signal to zero and a scan generator that is used for observing the derivative over a complete scan rang e. Also, the reference signal for lock-in detection and the modulation signal from the AOM block are generated from a square DDS (implemented inside the feedback module). The output of the feedback module is either a scan voltage or a PID control voltage. In either case, the voltage signal goes to the piezo component of the experiment module. In this way, a closed feedback scheme is achieved as shown in Fig.4 At the time of writing this paper, the experimental module has been successfully implemented and we are able to simulate both the scan and lock conditions. In the scan mode, PID loop is disabled and the error signal is observed over a defined sweep span. Under the locking condition, the PID loop is enabled which pins the error signal down to the zero value. In this way, the system gets locked to the frequency corresponding to zero error voltage. After the first order balk of frequency locking , we next pattern to charcterise the lock quality , add facilities of scan offset an d error signal offset to the lively simulation scheme as well as introduce noise into the system .Figure 4 (Left) A closed loop scheme simulating an atomic spectroscopy experimental setup and a feedback system both implemented inside the FPGA chip. (Right) A falling edge of scan signal (blue) with an error signal (red) simulating a spectroscopic feature is shown. A mirror image of the feature is observed on the rising scan edge . When in lock mode, the error signal falls flat to zero voltage (green) demonstrating that the system gets locked to a particular frequency.ConclusionWe have developed an all digital laser frequency stabilization module using field programmable gate array technology as against traditional bulky and big-ticket(prenominal) analog controllers. The VHDL design modules developed, imitate the functionality of typical hardware electronics used in a laser frequency locking system. The design modules were tested both individually as well as end to end through diffe rent testing methodologies. Some of the results were presented in this paper.Also, before incorporating the design modules into locking an actual laser, we have developed a scheme that simulates an entire atomic spectroscopy experiment with an electronic feedback system, both implemented inside the FPGA chip. We have successfully shown the frequency locking action of our feedback modules through this scheme and plan to test them more rigorously by making enhancements in the existing simulation scheme.AcknowledgementS. De acknowledges support from Board of Research in atomic Sciences (BRNS) for funding this project under the project code 34/14/19/2014-BRNS/0309.References1 K.B. Mac Adam, A Steinbach and C. Wiemann, Am. J. Phys. 60 , 1098 (1992).2 D. J. Wineland and H. Dehmelt,Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.20, 637 (1975).3 Chien-Nan Liu, Toru Morishita and Shinichi Watanabe, 2009 J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 194 032014.4 W. Z. Zhao, J. E. Simsarian, L. A. Orozco, and G. D. Sprouse, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 6 9, 3737(1998).5 S. De, N. Batra, S. Chakraborty, S. Panja, A. Sen Gupta, .Current Science 106, 1348 (2014).6 Hall,J.L.Hollberg,L.Baer,T.Robinson,H.G., ApPhL,39,680 (1981).

Growth and Development in Venezuela

Growth and tuition in VenezuelaGrowth and Development ar terms that be often used synonymously to indicate pass on or movement in the forward direction. However, the nuances of these two terms differ. man growth is a more short-term, spurt-like movement, development encompasses a whole phalanx of progressive moves in different aspects of life. Economic growth is indicated by an adjoin in a countrysgross domestic product, orgross domestic product which is an economical model that reflects the value of a countrys output. In different words, a countrys gross domestic product is the total monetary value of the goods and services produced by that country oer a specific close of clip. Economic development is usu bothy indicated by an append in citizens quality of life. Quality of life is often metrical using theHuman Development Index, which is an economic model that considers intrinsic personalised factors not considered in economic growth, such as literacy rates, life expe ctation and distress rates.Economic growth adopts a quantitative approach and takes regularise at a revolutionary speed. It is sp ar-time activityed in quick/ conterminous gains, in the market period. As once against this, economic development prefers to take a qualitative approach, emphasizing on the quality of the production and equitable statistical distri andion rather than its quantity. It is more evolutionary, and follows a sequential pattern of outcome. It has immediate as swell as futuristic gains i.e. it is more sustainable.Economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition of economic development.There is no single translation that encompasses all the aspects of economic development. The most comprehensive definition perhaps of economic development is the one given by TodaroDevelopment is not purely an economic phenomenon but rather a multi dimensional process involving reorganization and re orientation of the entire economic and kindly system.Amartya Sen defines economic development in terms of personal withdrawdom, freedom to conduct from a range of options. While economic growth may persist to an increase in the purchasing power of nation, if the country has a reduce rescue, on that point is lack of choice and hence personal freedom in restricted. Hence once again growth has taken place without any development. While economic growth may result in an progress in the standard of living of a relatively small counterpoise of the tribe whilst the majority of the population remains poor. It is how the economic growth is distributed amongst the population that determines the level of development.This shows us how important growth is for development to take place, but in like manner how growth in itself is not enough It should instead be a necessary pre-condition to takeoff for a country to leap forward. (Rostows stages of growth)In the country of Venezuela, let us decide whether there is agreeable growth, and if there is, t hen whether there is an effective turnaround from growth into development. estate Profile Venezuela is officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela and is part of the latin American countries. It lies on the northern coast of South America. It has a dense population of 29,100,000 approx, in the country area of 916,445 sq.km. It was first colonized by Spain in 1522, and ulterior on in 1811 got its independence and was one of the first Spanish-American colonies to be free. Later in 1830, it gained complete independence as a soereign nation.The main interest in colonial Venezuela for Spain was geographic its geographical position was a precise strategic one and gave protection against enemies. Also, later in the 1620s, Venezuela became well cognize for its cocoa production and export. The sizable profits earned from this industry were carried forward by the Spanish. Oil, as a commodity was virtually ignored until the 1900s.In Venezuela, the benchmark or watershed year ca n be counted as 1989. In this year, there was the launch of an ambiguous liberalization policy called the bully Turnaround. This entailed huge exchange rate devaluation, liberalization, privatization of trade, financial deregulation including free interest rates, no restrictions on foreign investment and new revenue enhancement reforms. Post the economic boom in 1974, the economy was dragged into a downturn and GDP declined by 15% this led to political pressure on the country by private companies. Liberalization was brought in to suffice the economy to revive itself. The final push to implement the liberal policy in 1989 was given by a balance of payments crisis in 1988.During 1970-2012consumption wasting disease per capitain Venezuela increased by 8344 US dollars (in 12.3 times) to 9084.1 US dollars. The average annual growth of Consumption expenditure per capita in Venezuela was 198.7 US dollars or 26.8%.GDP per capita USD= 6401.91PCCE/PCI= 9084.1/6401.91=1.4189Gross Savings (% of GDP) = 26% (in 2012)The main economic driver of the Venezuelan economy is the production and export of crude cover. Venezuela is endowed with rich infixed resources and has the doublest vegetable crude reserves in Latin America and the Caribbean. It was also the initiations third largest exporter and ninth largest producer of vegetable anele. Its national petroleum company- Venezuelan Petroleum Corporation (PDVSA) is the third largest international conglomerate of oil. In 1990, Venezuela was also deemed to become an international leader in the export of its abundant mineral wealth namely- coal, iron, steel, aluminum.The production and export of crude oil forms the heart of the Venezuelan economy. The period of the oil industry in Venezuela can be or so traced over four periods, namely1912-1943 the disco rattling and the initial production of oil.1943-1974 affirmation of Venezuelas check off over the oil industry.1974-1998 The boom in oil production and prices, and also the nationalization of the oil industry.1999-2003 Governments flak to regain control over the industry to curb its growing independence.(Refer Appendix, 1 for period from 1980-2000)In 1912, the petro-state of Venezuela was born and from then on, it took its baby steps to becoming the cosmeas second largest oil producer following U.S in 1929.In a short span of 15 years from 1920-1935, Venezuelas oil cope of exports exponentially shot up from 1.9% to 91.2%. This had an immediate and direct shock absorber on the economy called as the Dutch disease 2 by many economists. This implied grand declines in agricultural production and also in industrialization.In 1943, Venezuela buzz offed at strengthening the industry and hence passed the Hydrocarbon Act. This tied the state income more well and tightly to oil revenues. The law affirmed that foreign companies could not conduct more profits from oil than they paid to the Venezuelan state. This led to a growing reliance on the sta te. This can be compared to the MRTP act initiated by the Indira Gandhi establishment in India However, in the fifties, the world oil industry snarl the effects of the oversupply of oil (especially from the middle east) and hence oil prices drastically and chronically reduced. To confront this problem of oversupply, in 1960, the OPEC was formed as a cartel. Venezuela also created the Venezuela Oil Corporation, which formed the basis for oil nationalization.Post the administration of the OPEC, in 1973, oil prices and Venezuelan revenues from it increased four-fold, from 1972-1974. This lump sum increase made development a nearer goal to achieve. President Perez called his leap out La Gran Venezuela or sow the oil which encompassed fighting poverty done price controls and also the diversification done import-substitution techniques. This was also attach to by the nationalization of the Oil company namely, PDVSA. The windfall gain from the oil boom ushered in an era of positive s for Venezuela, but it also brought chronic fanfare and massive indebtedness. This can be shown by the channel cycle in appendix 3. After the periods of boom, the economy got dragged into a slowdown due large scale inflation.Later in 1998 when oil prices lowered (because of oil members respite their quotas) the economy of Venezuela took a hit and the per capita income steadily decreased. This is again shown in the business cycle in appendix 3 with the depression phase.The election of President Chavez in 1998 strengthened OPEC countries to maintain oil prices at a high rate. He persuaded all the head of states of the OPEC nations to stick to their quotas and to not oversupply oil. His efforts had immediate results and the price of oil rose for the firm time since 1985, to more than $27 per barrel.Thus, we see how oil revenue and government income in Venezuela are indivisible. President Perez indirectly wished to adopt the unbalanced version of the Big Push Model. He claimed sow t he oil which in early(a) words meant increasing revenues from the oil sector would fuel development in other sectors such as primer coat and industry. But this failed to happen since with a four-fold increase in oil revenues, government expenditure also increased and even surpassed the newfound revenues. When the oil prices took a hit, the government spending could not decrease as soft it was first increased. This gave rise to deeper debt. In between 1970 and 1994, public debt rose from 9% to 53% of GNP. Also, due to growing importance given to the oil industry, agriculture was neglected and contributed merely to one tenth of the economy in 1950s when it was one third of the GDP in 1920s. Presently, agriculture comprises of only 6% of the GDP. Thus, the Big Push to just one sector did not servicing in the case of Venezuela as other sectors did not benefit as much.Politics and OilThe oil economy of Venezuela left an imprint on its politics. The clientelistic 4 spirit of the stat e led to being increasingly bureaucratic. Maximum sight working in the formal economy (approx 50% of the working population), close to 45% of them are employed in the government, or rather in the government run oil industry.Yet another consequence of Venezuelass oil wealth, is what political scientist Terry Lynn Karl calls a pacted democracy.This entails democracy which is held together through an correspondence amongst elite groups, usually opposing, and powerful interest groups. It is a kind of armistice among them which is struck to maintain their personal interests and privileges. Differently put, even when a single party won the elections, the revenues from oil had to obligatorily be shared among members of other parties, more or less among the voter turnout results. This guaranteed the different interest groups doorway to jobs, contracts and ministries and even the power of the union federation, CTV was similarly divided. Thus, this level of bureaucratization in Venezuel a, the clientelistic trends, and the pacted nature of its democracy made Venezuela resemble a one-party well-disposedist regime.In Venezuela, during the rule of President Hugo Chavez, his manifesto drew heavily on the Marxist ideology. Marx fought for the proletariat or the have-nots of society, claiming that they were the ones who did the real labor (manual labor) as against the bourgeois or the haves who only indulged in intellectual labor, took advantage of the labor class, usurped their profits and utilize them. Chavez, in 1992, attempted a coup detat because he believed that the president was corrupt. When later he was elected as president, he vouched to end poverty and growth and redistribute the profits earned by wealthy businessmen. Owing to a leftist and socialist ideology, he aimed at attaining and asserting control over privately owned property. Thus, eventually, he gained control over all the factors of production- land and its resources (oil), capital, labor.He did as he told he would do, and his governance was labeled as petroleum socialism. Oil was used as a m of control in terms of the domestic economy as well as the international political affairs. PDVSA is the Venezuelan state-owned petrol company. In 20002, Chavez claimed that 10% of its revenues must be invested in social programs. The kind of domination control over oil that a corrupt or unstable government claims is detrimental to the countrys economic development.Chavez implemented many social programs to combat poverty and reduce contrariety. These programs were supported by the PDVSA and were fabricated to hear the basic of necessity of the people. Some of them areHealth legation Barrio Adentro or inside the neighborhood has set up clinics and made doctors available in areas previously lacking these facilities.Mission Alimentacion or Mission Food, a pabulum plan funded by the government in order to supply products through grocery stores (Mercal and PDVAL) without the aid of in termediaries. Also to set up comm building blocky kitchens to tolerate three free meals per day. This electric charge has benefited about 15 million people.Mission Sonrisa or Mission Smile which addresses to the oral health of the people by the setting up of many new dentistry clinics.Mission saviour Child and the inauguration of a neonatal intensive care unit and enhance the quality and access to facilities for pregnant women.EducationMission Robinson was created with an aim to eliminate illiteracy. This mission taught approx 1.8 million people to read and write.Mission Rivas aimed at integration of Venezuelan people into the elementary and secondary education and be beneficial for more than a million.Mission Sucre had been set up to help improve the access to higher education. About 700,000 people profited from it and successfully accurate their graduation.HousingMission Habitat, in 2004, helps the people secure housing through credit facilities and also helps in creating int egrated communities.EmploymentThe Great mission Knowledge and Work hopes to integrate 1 million jobless people into the labor market, which will also help reduce unemployment.All these missions did a great deal in alleviating poverty and reducing inflation and unemployment in Venezuela. Hugo Chavez concentrated on an expansionary fiscal policy through social spending. neighborly expenditure from 1911-2011 accounts for more than 60% of revenues- this is nearly double of the expenditures made in previous periods. The number of households living under the poverty line in 2003 was 55% which by 2011 fell to 26%., and those families living in utmost(prenominal) poverty has locomote to 7% from 25%.In 2003, there was again a spike in poverty, inflation and unemployment due to a coup to overhaul Chavezs government.There are other factors which show an impact of the missions of the overall welfare of the country. For example, infant mortality rates and malnutrition victims have fallen whil e school enrolment and graduation rates have risen. The Gini coefficient of Venezuela, which measures inequality on a scale of 0-1, is 0.394.Thus, these missions were effective instruments for alleviating poverty, by tackling urgent needs of education, food, health, housing etc. They began in 2003, and 36% of state revenue went into accompaniment them between 1986 and 1998, while 60% of revenue was spent between 1999 and 2011.Politicization of the missionsBut, there are claims that Chavezs social missions served two very different purposes they were root word to political manipulation (i.e. to barter for votes) and also allowed for a direct dispersal of oil rents to the low income population. The government used these funds clientelistically and also distributed them to the very poor. It is seen that Chavez distributed these oil revenues to primarily those poor section which were sure vote banks for him. Thus, the missions helped to buy votes.Chavezs government also laid emphasi s on providing all citizens with identification cards. These cards would be required by them at the time of gaining access to cash transfers. At the time of election, this card got automatically alter into an election card and was required by the National electoral Council for voting purposes. (Mission Identidad)These missions have been dispatched to the masses and seem to be catering at a mass scale. Therefore, they are more quantitatively-aimed than quality-oriented. The infrastructure is not well maintained, the teachers are paid a pittance and schools seem to be largely used as a site for ideological indoctrination.Wrt health-Some of Venezuelas public hospitals are closing. Others are ridden with crime. many a(prenominal) physicians are quitting medicine starting new careers in Venezuela or emigrating, overturn at being paid a pittance or not at all. Medical supplies are in short supply.Wrt job and employment conditions- Investors are running away from here since the governm ent is taking over many companies. There is an outward movement of the educated class of engineers, doctors and other professionals to other countries where the pay is better. There is an influx of migrants, mainly for blue-collar jobs.

Bernard Williams Analysis Of A Thought Experiment Philosophy Essay

Bernard Williams Analysis Of A pur tidy sum Experiment Philosophy EssayThe sight experiment that Bernard Williams menti aced in his thrash A Critique of Utilitarianism to establish that utilitarianism is an incoherent and unintelligible theory of effectiveeousness and does non hold much ground, especi solelyy when it comes to decision making chthonian pressure and in high risk situations. But it crumbles altogether when unity time uprightness and virtuous compass is at s dribble.This paper go away seek some arguments related to the thought experiment that Bernard Williams has illustrated highlighting both the scenarios of George evaluate and rejecting the job crevice and how it affects his lessonity. It get out also comp atomic number 18 the utilitarian view point in the light of this thought experiment with other good view points to establish that entirely theories do non fulfill all the criteria of a complete moral theory and does non fulfill our mental and e motional inevitably.Suppose if George accepts the job offer. By accepting the offer at the chemic substance and biological warfare lab, George leave alone certainly allow economic prosperity to his family (as he going through tough time), additionally he get out also once get the job will be able to better influence the work of the lab, by either deceleration d cause the process and/or building up support at the lab to deliberately protract the process. All these dos of George will lead to a great utility as he will become an instrumentate in increasing utility and decreasing harm by lessen down the process. He will also be able to provide a better next for his family thereby reducing suffering which could experience been caused to him and his family should he not have accepted the job offer. It seems like that from a utilitarian point of view this is an ideal situation. However, Bernard Williams repugns against this position. He says that even though it seems that eve ry oneness is benefiting from Georges decision, for him it is not a good choice as it will estrange him from his despatchs that define him. In other words, as George is opposed to biological and chemical weapon, as he has to forsake his integrity in order to deplete a decision to accept the job offer. Bernard Williams call this as ones projects and argues that one must not forsake ones integrity and nourishs which define us. George in this case has a deep rooted whimsy against biological and chemical weapons (their production and use) and should not forsake this. He satesIt is absurd to demand of such(prenominal) a man, when the sums come in from the utility network which the projects of others have in part determined, that he should just step aside from his own project and decision and acknowledge the decision which utilitarian calculation requires. It is to alienate him in a corporeal sense from his actions and the source of his action in his own convictions. It is to make him into a channel between the input of everyones projects, including his own, and an output of optimific decision but this is to neglect the extent to which his actions and his decisions have to be seen as the actions and decisions which menstruate from the projects and attitudes with which he is most closely identified. It is thus, in the most literal sense, and outpouring on his integrity.It is prudent at this stage to state a a few(prenominal) points about the thought experiment itself, as a utilitarian could argue against their need. Thought experiments are a good way to provide us with a way of producing knowledge by stepping out of the domain of the real and day to day affairs. They can be seen as an instrument of judging of possibility as well as consideration of conceivability. However, they are narrowing in nature, and arbitrarily cut off and restrict the range of choices operable to decide on a course of action. This thought experiment, is reflective of all the cons traints related to thought experiments in general but in concomitant it distances us from the publications making it remote to the action that he will acquire, thereby it is difficult to assess from a practical point of view whether the thought experiment is of significance or not. The author has intentionally given olive-sized background as to how George has land into this situation and thus has opened a wide array of generalization and universal applicability inhibiting the use of predilection and intuition.Martin Bunzl provides an interesting viewpoint regarding thought experiments related to ethics and especially to consequentialist theories in general,require a level of detail usually lacking in thought experiments. And it is the attempt to provide the missing detail (both consequentialist facts and the weightings on those facts) that yields the double of a thought experiment that is out of control1This is an interesting take as the whole idea of providing missing informa tion is to make us see a different paradigm not apparent in the thought experiment itself.Now lets see the scenario from a different vintage point. Suppose George does not accept the job offer as he is an ardent believer in safeguarding the world from biological and chemical weapons. In this case he has listened to his moral voice. However, even in this case (when George is not taking an action by not accepting the position) he is amenable for action through the doctrine of negative responsibility. Consequentialism will not espy the difference between George not taking the job offer and safeguarding his integrity on one afford but has allowed someone else to take up the job (who is for the use of biological and chemical weapons) thereby is equally trustworthy for the harm that whitethorn cause. It doesnt make any difference if the action is interpreted by George or the other person as he is the one who let it happen.Looking at the broader picture keeping this thought experiment in linear perspective, John Rawls gives another viewpoint.The main concepts of ethics are those of right and the good. The structure of an ethical theory is, and then is largely determined by how it defines and connects these two basic notions.2From a utilitarian perspective, the right and the good is of no importance to the decision making process. But from an deontological perspective it is not the naughtiness or the goodness of the consequence that makes it wrong but the act itself is wrong. George is not permitted to act and take any decision if it violates the deontological constraint (certain things that we must not do, even if doing it produces overall better consequences, in this case George may unwilling the process of weapon production and/or make a red-blooded effort is convincing other people to support his viewpoint). If George thinks of his act as a right act then it has to derive from its motive and as per Kant the motive is to be found in the act of indebtednes s patient of of than the inclination (Georges sense of duty will emerge from his strong belief against production of these weapons).Even though the action George will take will devoid him of pain and will give him pleasure but it will not be a free action and will be subject to the laws of cause and effect. If he does not take the job and if he doesnt on the idea that because he respects the moral law of so many people dying he will be the one who will eventually be the participant in it. By side by side(p) a utilitarian viewpoint George has retracted his autonomy to take action, as he is bounded by the effects of what will happen, and his own will be shattered. Thereby he is not organism uncoiled to himself and is losing true freedom. George may go ahead with not accepting the job offer but his contemporary will thereby it will not be a universal principle. George should not act only because he has a duty towards others, to act and safeguard their interest self interest is not the reason why he should do the right thing.One may also consider Georges action not to be seen in the future consequences that it will bring, but in the past as well, how he landed in this situation, what are he motives which led to him being against the development of chemical and biological weapons. There are other considerations that need to be brought in than the consequences of the action in determining what he should do. These considerations other than the value of the consequence of the action that needs to be considered in determining what he should do. A consequentialist will say to George to let the idea go as it will prevent greater harm or will do greater good. Ross3suggests that there is no universal law in this. For him one value can be ov rambleiding by another value provided it relives the distress. George action of taking up the job will be an unethical kind of expediency and will put undue pressure on George to take up the burden of morality for the whole human ki nd on his shoulders.Alternatively, George can see the whole issue from a different perspective altogether. He should not see the whole situation as being what is right or wrong but should focus on what is just, forgiving and generous. By doing this, he will not only see the moral dilemma as a focus but will be able to see his life as whole and his position in it. It will help him in acquiring a kind of a virtue and will take the stress of the moral burden of duty towards the whole mankind that he is trying to safeguard.On the other hand this approach to decision making will be more introvert with the focus on fulfilling the demands of the I rather than the combined good of all. Furthermore, it abandons the moral universal principles and gives power to the individual (in this case George) to make his own judgement. It dodges the primal moral issues without assuming a definite position.Looking at this thought experiment and its conclusion, we reach a point where our approach to mora lity needs to be somewhere between this completely impartial and integrity-sacrificing mode and the riskiness of a completely subjective/relativist mode. The whole argument above distinctly states that thought experiments can provide us with a way of thought on issues but are limited in scope and should be used with caution.Thought experiments are profitably compared to compasses. A compass is a simple but useful device for determining direction. Nevertheless, it systematically errs in the presence of magnets it becomes unreliable near the North Pole, in mine shafts, when vibrated, in the presence of metal experts will wish to use the compass as one element in a wider portfolio of navigational techniques. Analogously, thought experiments are simple but useful devices for determining the status of propositions. Sadly, they systematically err under certain conditions and so are best used with aesthesia to their foibles and limited scope4

New Public Management (NPM) in Secure Training Centres

overbold everyday direction (NPM) in in effect(p) Training Centres1. IntroductionThe management and establishment of the mankind goods in the UK became an issue of intense debate and pa place in the early eighties, coming below(a) intense pressure for large-scale change. This demand to bring most wide ranging transformation in the functional of the reality administration arose mainly beca implement of the negative perceptions of the conservative government about popular sphere of influence work, e oddly concerning issues like bureaucratic inefficiency, lack of commitment, misallocation of funds, and overstaffing. The rise up of new organisational configurations, roles, and cultures light-emitting diode to extensive questioning of well recognized and b atomic weigh 18ly established public field patterns and to the challenging of standardised and professionalized offbeat offer agencies. Subsequent privatization and restructuring in numerous different public organ isations led to the growth of New frequent wariness, a broad establish concept that beam to other body politics like the USA, Australia, and especially New Zealand, where its execution became extensive.Over the years, the implementation of New Public commission (NPM) has come low maturation criticism. Public and media disillusionment at its failure to solve galore(postnominal) problematic issues associate to older methods of public governance, ingest tended to go trade in hand with the realisation that old fashi matchlessd public organisations in addition had several absolute factors, which were necessary to the approach and working of public answers.. These take ond a value of stability, lack of personnel turnover, an insistence on implored process, fairness in treatment, integrity, and answerability. Qualities like these, which buildd the other side of public sector working and had come to be largely accepted, and possibly ignored, during the debate on the mo tivating for change , came to the fore, especially in the case of public institutions or departments that dealt in atomic number 18as of brotherly responsibility, like, for example, the health, justice, and baby bird welf ar agreements.One such atomic number 18a of increasing public anxiety and media debate concerns the working of pander Training Centres (STCs) for adolescent offenders down the stairs NPM methodology and practice. These institutes, which come under the purview and control of the juvenilityfulness jurist Board, (YJB) ar obligated for the unassailable wait, training, and refilling of unfledged offenders sentenced to protective terms. STCs aim to ensure the smooth reintegration of their wards into society at the end of their custody periods, by dint of required counselling, education and training. Their success is censorious to (a) ensuring reduction of reoffending incidents, (b) rerouting the lives of queasy adolescent great deal, (c) motivating them to forsake criminal options, (d) building up their craft and earning skills, and (d) facilitating their reintegration with society. The area has come into sharp focus in recent months because of the macrocosm of rules empowering semiofficials to use force under specific circumstances, and the suicide of a schoolgirlish inmate following an episode of emphasised restraint.This essay aims to ask and take apart the use of NPM practices in the working of Secure Training Centres in the UK. The study of New Public Management, until now, has remained restricted to the domain of researchers and scholars of public administration, with business inculcate professors preferring to focus on the working of hidden companies. darn this is surprising considering the parting of not-for-profit institutions and voluntary associations in the knowledge of organization theory, a number of pedantic studies and research assignments on public sector organisations do exist. Some of these, on with tuition available on the internet and from media reports consecrate served as information sources for this assignment.2. Commentarya. Origins of New Public ManagementThe public and personal sectors constitute the two broad divisions of society, with their institutional separation evident on a global basis. The public sector comprises of organisations that belong to the entity know as the maintain or the government. However, its electron orbit is more than wider than that associated with either of these two well-known concepts and contains, in its ambit, numerous kinds of governgenial actions at diverse levels, varieties of public finance, as well as general public governance and regulation. Historically the role of the public sector in national life has moved through various stages, from being minimal in the nineteenth century, through a period characterised by loving reformism and owing(p)er involvement of the government in public affairs, in the first half of the twe ntieth century, to that of the wel colde ground of the post war years. The welfare state functioned in the UK from the end of the atomic number 16 World War, until well into the 1980s. It came into being on the assumption that private organisations, heart and soul good-hearted bodies, did not become either the resources or the competence to intent later on weaker sections and that the state get hold ofed to take care of its citizens from birth to death. These welfare go there later on became the functions of professional public sector employees, specifically elect and expert to handle their responsibilities.The concept of the welfare state came under severe criticism and pressure for change from the conservatives because of its many perceived deficiencies, chief among which were the circumscribe attitude of public servants, who (because of their war years mentality), were unable to serve to the of necessity of a changed citizenry, the inefficiency and in intensity level of public sector officials, and the greed of public sector trade unions, who put their own needs before those of their communities. Widespread changes in the role of public administration led to privatisation of numerous public sector organisations and their eclipse from the economic sector. In social and community sectors the conservatives pushed the concept of the enabling state, where planning and funding would remain within the responsibility of the state, term service provision would devolve upon private players. Privatisatisation, experts felt, would help not only in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of provisioning of services, but also in its reactivity to individual requirement. (Ferlie, Mclaughlin and Osborne, 2002) This approach in public sector approach, which came to be known as NPM, owes its origins first, to a distrust of bureaucracy and public administration to pass on public services with economy, efficiency, and effectiveness, and second, to an appreh ension concerning the incorrect use of professional powers by bureaucrats, leading to the possible disempowerment of general community members. Although considerable debate and debate still exists over the exact implications of NPM, there is broad consensus over its 7 important components.(a) a focus on hands-on and entrepreneurial management, as opposed to the traditional bureaucratic focus of the public administrator (b) verbalized standards and measures of performance,(c) an emphasis on output controls, (d) the importance of the disaggregation and decentralization of public services, (e) a stress on private sector styles of management and their superiority, (f) a channelise to the promotion of competition in the provision of public services, and (g) the promotion of athletic field and parsimony in resource allocation (Ferlie, Mclaughlin and Osborne, 2002)One important revolve off that arose from these tenets was the development of an enlarged emphasis upon outsourcing servi ces by public sector organisations from private service providers in many sectors, including in those responsible for health, childcare, and prison management.b. early days Offenders and Secure Training CentresStatistics and information available from official websites and other information sources on crime and offending by unripened good deal in the UK reveal the issue to be one of great worry and concern. Young offenders come under the purview of the Youth Justice Board, (YJB) an established non-governmental public body, charged with preventing offending by puppylike pack and children through the formulation and use of measures for prevention of crime, identification and dealing with young offenders, and reduction of reoffending. YJB figures indicate that approximately 150,000 concourse write in code the justice arranging each year, nearly half of whom are of school age. The percentages of young people coming into the purview of the YJB from black or mixed race backgrounds are significantly higher than their actual demographic distribution, especially in the under 16 groups. While nearly 75 % of the young offenders are let off with reprimands, curfews and fines, 17 percent are sentenced to community work while 4 %, i.e., around 600 young people receive custodial sentences. custodial sentences vary from 4 months to two years and normally need religious service in conjunction with a original amount of community work. tutelary arrangements are of three types, Secure baby birdrens Homes, (SCHs) Secure Training Centres (SCTs) and Young Offender Institutions (YOIs). SCHs and SCTs house children aged amidst 12 and 17, whereas YOIs house young offenders aged 15 to 21, with people aged 15 to 17 and 18 to 21 held in separate enclosures. YJB officials decide upon the place of custody later considering relevant factors that include judgments of vulnerability, needs of other young people in custody, and availability of custodial accommodation.An overwhelmi ng proportion of the young people who enter the offspring justice dust come from deprived and separate backgrounds and many have histories of substance misuse, mental health problems and economically weak, disturbed or disrupted family backgrounds. Their educational backgrounds, in comparison with the general population, are also extremely deficient. Surveys reveal that 81 % of the sentenced boys were not going to school, at the cadence of sentencing, and 41 % had not gone to school at all after 14. In fact, a startling 75 % of the offenders appearing before the youth justice courts have histories of temporary or permanent school exclusion. many an(prenominal) of them have special counselling and mental health needs that require urgent management. (Background paper, 2000)While the young people who come into the custodial system share backgrounds of severe disadvantage, deprivation and exclusion from school, the people who exit from YOIs, SCHs and SCTs have a marked predilecti on to return to offending actions. The number of reoffenders is extremely high with approximately four out of five (78 %) young persons sentenced to custody reoffending within one year. Statistics reveal that the proclivity to offend in these people continues in later years and 40 % of ex prisoners have a history of being young offenders. (Background paper, 2000)Prima facie, it does appear that the custodial system currently in practice, (the result of policy changes, public private participation, NPM, and outsourcing of governmental activities to private players) has not only been unable to meet its objectives but is possibly worsening with time. Considering that it costs twice as much to educate a young person in custody than outside, the whole situation is zip fastener les than a scathing indictment of the NPM system in childcare, childrens education, and youth justice in the UK. Exclusion from school becomes a major(ip) causal factor in offending and the occurrence of crime, wh ich in turn leads the state to arrange for dispensation of justice, housing of children in custody, and providing for their training and education. While considerable public effort and expense goes into this process, the continuance of reoffending indicates the occurrence and continuance of large-scale systemic failure, notwithstanding the laudatory comments of the YJB on the effectiveness of the youth justice system.The pass custodial system, of which STCs are an integral part, is representative of NPM and public private participation, in which governmental departments, local authorities and private players play similar and coincide roles. Vulnerable young people, aged between 12 and 17 stand by in these institutions while serving custodial sentences. Apart from housing them in restricted secure surroundings these institutions are under governmental regulation to provide counselling, education and training in order to (a) facilitate their reintegration into the broader communit y, (a) amplification their earning ability, (c) help them to disengage from criminal actions and (d) eliminate their proclivity to reoffend. While Secure Training Centres, Secure Childrens Homes and Young Offenders Institutions all come under the purview of the YJB and form part of the custodial system, their control falls under different institutions. While all of the seventeen YOIs are tip by the prison service, all but one of the fifteen SCHs are counting by local authorities, and the four SCHs are run by private service providers.c. Management and Administration of SCTsSecure Training Centres are establishments specially built for housing young offenders up to the age of 17 and are representative of NPM concepts, which while keeping planning and funding of public service with the state, call for service provisioning by the private sector. Private agencies, appointed after appraisal and selection, run these institutions under contracts that contain detailed terms and working( a) requirements. At present, there are four STCs in England, at Oakhill in Milton Keynes, Bedfordshire, at Hassockfield in Consett, County Durham, at Rainsbrook in Rugby, Northamptonshire, and at Medway in Rochester, Kent. These establishments have accommodation for 58 to 87 persons with not more than eight places in each house. The total population of STCs is currently about 270.The formation of STCs represents a major governmental initiative in bringing about much needed reform in the youth justice system. Conceived in the sign years of the 2000s, STCs aim to play a major role in rehabilitating young offenders and ensuring their integration in normal community life. While the pilot burner plan envisaged the progressive establishment of 31 STCs, only four are in operation, with the functioning of some of them coming in for trenchant criticism. STCs are responsible for housing vulnerable young people sentenced to custody or remanded to secure accommodation and have a wide ranging and demanding set of responsibilities, which include (a) provisioning of secure housing, (b) taking care of the individual and collective needs of the trainees, including nutrition, hygiene, cleanliness, carnal activity, medical examination aid, and absence of substance misuse, (c) providing focussed and tailored programmes for education and vocational development (d) ensuring appropriate counselling and treatment for disturbed children and (e) fostering associate with their plateful communities. Their responsibilities are not just onerous but critical because of their enormous potential to influence the lives of young people, who, because of socially and economically disadvantaged backgrounds, commit offences that involve custodial sentencing. Many of the trainees are vulnerable, have lived traumatised lives in environments of economic deprivation, substance misuse, and domestic violence, and need help from expert and trained professionals. The report accepts that many of the 1 0 to 17-year-olds held in young offender institutions, secure training centres and local authority secure childrens homes have had chaotic and inglorious childhoods and lack clear fountainaries to their behaviour. (Child jail restraint criticised, 2006) The effectiveness of these institutions is causal in the trainees choosing to enter normal society or returning to their familiar ring of social exclusion, repeated offending, and criminality.STCs are contractually bound to provide these services effectively and all employees require undergoing specific training programmes. Counselling, social and medical services are available from the local social and medical infra construction. exclusively secure training centres are also required to undergo casual checks from external governmental agencies as well as watchdogs like Ofsted for assessment of actual service levels. While STCs are undoubtedly fulfilling a indispensable need in custodial requirements, their major failure relates to their inability to undertake reoffending, which at 79 %, points to a gross failure in their major objective of rehabilitation. Inspection reports also point to disparities in the efficiency and effectiveness of different STCs, the absence of improvement between periodic watchfulnesss and non-implementation of recommendations. This is also back up by intermittent incidents involving the use of forceful restraint, which in the recent other(prenominal) was possibly causal in the suicide of an inmate, (with a history of mental disturbance), and attracted significant media attention and debate.The running of STCs is especially difficult because it involves functions that on origin contradict each other and exert immense pressure on the people running these institutions. Secure custody, on one hand, involves dealing with young people who come from disadvantaged backgrounds, have committed serious offences, and deliver attitudes that are possibly brutalised and dangerous, necessi tating the use of restrictive custodial measures and force, if the situation so demands. On the other hand, trainees need to care, empathy, and deep understanding of the reasons that have led them to their current states. These functions, of prison keepers and social workers, are mutually contradictory and occasion significant tensions when required of the same group of people. Private organizations, when faced with these demands, respond with systems designed to meet these differing requirements but remain congenitally flawed because of their inherent contradictions. These organisations are also not funded by open-ended or across-the-board funding schemes and have both cost constraints and profit motives that are bound to influence their working. Employees who work in such organisations generally to the profiles of members of marketised institutions, give their careers and individual progress preference, and lack both the commitment or ideology of charitable workers, and the job security of public sector employees. Expecting these private sector managers and employees to suit to such challenging needs creates enormous tensions. A number of inspection reports have pointed to the high incidence of turnover, a phenomenon that automatically leads to breaks and discontinuities in relationships between the workers and trainees and results in the emergence of destabilizing conditions, especially where mentally disturbed children are involved.service at Oakhill Secure Training Centre are inconsistent, with evidence that despicable practice is being institutionalised, inspectors concluded yesterday. A Commission for Social mission Inspection probeof the centre for 80 young offenders in Milton Keynes last June order its progress had slowed since a previous inspection in May 2005. While safeguarding had improved since the previous inspection, where this area was criticised, progress was reliant on one particular manager. The inspection also found services at the facility, run by Group 4 Securicor, were ran in isolation with considerable scope for integrating health, education, substance misuse and other services (Samuel, 2007)Investigations into the suicide of thirteen-year-old Alisha Ishmail, the child prostitute who died of a drug overdose in a Camden town after escaping from a secure home, link her mental state to the number of homes she had to move to during her period in care, and to the consequent breakdown of helpful relationships. Philip Haynes, in his treatise on Managing Complexity in the Public Services refers to the contradictions and tensions that arise when general management ideas used in profit oriented private businesses are imported and applied to the running of public service organisations. While their use is possibly effective in the running of utilities, enormous contradictions and tensions arise on the application of these tenets in public service institutions like the one under study. Policy makers need to realize th at the business policies used by Unilever executives are not usable in looking after their disturbed teenagers, and that what is more these very executives, however effective they may be in their functions, depart never apply the strategies used with business suppliers to solve issues in home environments. Public officials who insist upon the need for using force for dealing with these children need to realise that these children do not fill the profiles of errant suppliers who need taming and that the suicides of 15 year old Gareth Myatt and 14 year old Adam Rickwood could have been avoided if STC officials gave adequate attention to their mental health needs, instead of using firmly built workers to restrain them and twist their noses in order to cause raw and temporary incapacitation.3. ConclusionNew Public Management, in its essence, involves the import of private sector management methods, perceived to be competitive, efficient, economic, objective and effective into public sector organisations. While these methods do have relevance in certain public undertakings, especially where they concern issues like utilities and transport, they prove to be of express mail relevance in institutions that deal with servicing the community, childcare, health services, and the care and rehabilitation of young offenders, as well as mentally disturbed pornographic prisoners being prime examples of such areas. As Haynes points out the introduction of methods based upon economic and practical considerations in such people oriented sectors leads to the development of numerous contradictions and the generation of enormously complex situations that debilitate the working and structure of involved organizations. (Haynes, 2003)Policy makers need to consider these issues seriously and realise the lack of catchall solutions and detached systematic working in areas that need individual attention for effective results. In the case of STCs appropriate solutions would include th e introduction of far more detailed mental health examinations of new entrants, especially in consultation with relatives, greater emphasis upon communication with trainees, increased interaction of trainees with social workers, separation of custodial and rehabilitation functions, measures to reduce staff turnover and increase monitoring of staff behaviour, and strict vigilance on use of forceful restraining measures. The private sector argument of most of these suggestions leading to cost ineffectuality and inefficient working needs outright rejection considering the enormous financial and social costs of the current, ostensibly efficient system.ReferencesBackground Paper, (2000) Education of young people supervised by the youth justice system, Retrieved August 3, 2007 from www.dfes.gov.uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/BACKGROUND root -finaldraft (1).doc Box, R. C., Marshall, G. S., Reed, B., Reed, C. M. (2001) New Public Management and Substantive Democracy. Public Administra tion Review, 61(5), 608.Child jail restraint criticised, (2006), BBC News, Retrieved August 3, 2007 from news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/uk/4722652.stmDoherty, T. L., Horne, T. (2002). Managing Public ServicesImplementing Changes A Thoughtful Approach to the Practice of Management. London Routledge.Ferlie, E., Ashburner, L., Fitzgerald, L., Pettigrew, A. (1996). The New Public Management in Action. Oxford Oxford University PressHood, C., Peters, G. (2004). The Middle Aging of New Public Management Into the Age of Paradox?. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 14(3), 267+.Lane, J. (2000). New Public Management. London Routledge.Mclaughlin, K., Osborne, S. P., Ferlie, E. (Eds.). (2002). New Public Management Current Trends and approaching Prospects. London Routledge.Haynes, P. (2003) Chapter 1, Management, professions and the public service context in Managing Complexity in the Public Services Maidenhead Open University Press,Samuel, M, 2007, Services at Oakhill Secure Trai ning Centre inconsistent, warn inspectors, Community Care, Retrieved August 3, 2007 from www.communitycare.co.ukThomas, C. J. (1999). Managers, Part of the conundrum? Changing How the Public Sector Works. Westport, CT Quorum Books.Van Slyke, D. M. (2002). The Public Management Challenges of Contracting with Nonprofits for Social Services. International Journal of Public Administration, 25(4), 489+.

War on Iraq article in high school newspaper :: essays research papers

At 712PM on Wednesday, March19, 2003, chair scrubbing authorized a full-scale struggle on Iraq and the Saddam Hussein led regime by uttering just two simple words. Lets go, professorship George W. shrub said to Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfield Wednesday at the close of a nearly four-hour meeting in the Oval Office. The war on Iraq, which has been given the ennoble Operation Iraqi Freedom, is the result of months of Husseins refusal to allow United Nations weapons inspectors into Iraq. The U.N. suspects that Hussein has been building and harboring weapons of mass destruction into Iraq. This problem goes as far back as the early 90s when power President Bush initiated the Gulf War on account of genuinely similar issues. Aside from not letting U.N. inspectors into Iraq, Hussein has been a savage dictator towards his own people for the better part of a decade. President Bush says that one of the main objectives of winning this war is to completely reconstruct Iraq and mak e it a safe place for people to live. To do this, the American troops must take Hussein out of power.The beginning of the war was preceded by a forty-eight hour period that President Bush had given Hussein for a chance to comply with the U.N. and avoid war. President Bushs final attempts at peace were not real and he began what the Pentagon is calling a decapitation attack. More than forty satellite-guided Tomahawk cruise missiles were fired from U.S. warships in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. In the days soon afterward, American troops advanced into Iraq and launched a head-on attack towards Iraqs capital city of Baghdad. Iraqi officials account that only in the first two days of these attacks, that seventy-two missiles had collide with Baghdad, killing four Iraqi officials. Another school year is approach path to a close, as is a chapter in the senior class of 2003s lives. As the excitement escalades and the dream of leaving high school is worthy more and more of a reality, t he seniors are realizing that their senior year is diametrical from previous senior classes. They are graduating during a cartridge clip of war, a cadence that could possibly be on of the biggest events in their lives. They will all be affected by it, some of them might be in it, and no(prenominal) of them will forget it. I will remember this senior year, and time of war, as I have remembered a specific passage from the news of Ezekial.

She Stoops to Conquer Essay -- Oliver Goldsmith

She Stoops to defeatOliver goldsmith had an immediate hit on his hands after the first execution of his dictation She Stoops to Conquer on present 15, Covent Garden. During the eighteenth century She Stoops to Conquer was popular throughout England and its popularity thus far spread to the then still young, America. in advance its debut, Goldsmith took great breed in choosing the right title for his play. more or less of the titles that he rejected were The centenarian House a New Inn, The Mistakes of the dark (which became its subtitle), and The Belles lash-up (Ferguson 26). One of the reasons that this japery was such a hit was its deprivation from the high minded, more outstanding interposedy of the sidereal day. Though the play does non rely solely on slapstick prank, some of its best scenes ar farcical. The play itself has been called a express mirth comedy and umteen of the best rummy moments are still as funny now as they were over 200 years ago (Danzi ger 57). Tying with Drydens Amphityron, She Stoops to Conquer is the most socialize eighteenth-century play that I shoot read to date.The plot concerns the Mistakes of the Night and the resulting problems that come between two sets of lovers. The tosh centers on Charles Marlow and George Hastings attempts to court Kate Hardcastle and Constance Neville, and how a hard-nosed joke played by Kates stepbrother results in cases of mistaken indistinguishability, and many acts of blatant greed, selfishness and plain idiocy that almost ruin two unfinished marriage ceremonys.Many of the situations and characters in the play are recognizable in the ordinal century. Mr. Hardcastles concern with his daughters dress and prospects for marriage are akin to a cause not wanting his unforesightful girl to start wearing writing and high heels... ...es common absurd tools such as mistaken identity and conflict between lovers to a higher plane.It is perfectly understandable that this comedy i s still popular today in many places including America, where it is performed quite oft in period dress. I missed the opportunity to see it performed spot in Colonial Williamsburg a year ago, but hope that I might one day have another opportunity. Im sure that it is regular more amusing on stage than it is on paper.Casts Lists original performance, March 15, 1773, Covent GardenOctober 3, 1775, Drury Lane kit and caboodle CitedDanziger, Marlies K. Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. New York Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1978Ferguson, Oliver W. Kates Stratagem and the Naming of the She Stoops to Conquer. Restoration and eighteenth Century Theatre Research. Illinois Loyola University of Chicago, 1991 She Stoops to Conquer Essay -- Oliver GoldsmithShe Stoops to ConquerOliver Goldsmith had an immediate hit on his hands after the first performance of his play She Stoops to Conquer on March 15, Covent Garden. During the eighteenth century She Stoops to Con quer was popular throughout England and its popularity even spread to the then still young, America.Before its debut, Goldsmith took great pains in choosing the right title for his play. Some of the titles that he rejected were The Old House a New Inn, The Mistakes of the Night (which became its subtitle), and The Belles Stratagem (Ferguson 26). One of the reasons that this comedy was such a hit was its departure from the high minded, more dramatic comedy of the day. Though the play does not rely solely on slapstick comedy, some of its best scenes are farcical. The play itself has been called a laughing comedy and many of the best comic moments are still as funny today as they were over 200 years ago (Danziger 57). Tying with Drydens Amphityron, She Stoops to Conquer is the most entertaining eighteenth-century play that I have read to date.The plot concerns the Mistakes of the Night and the resulting problems that come between two sets of lovers. The story centers on Charles Marlow and George Hastings attempts to court Kate Hardcastle and Constance Neville, and how a practical joke played by Kates stepbrother results in cases of mistaken identity, and many acts of blatant greed, selfishness and plain stupidity that almost ruin two pending marriages.Many of the situations and characters in the play are recognizable in the twentieth century. Mr. Hardcastles concern with his daughters dress and prospects for marriage are akin to a father not wanting his little girl to start wearing makeup and high heels... ...es common comic tools such as mistaken identity and conflict between lovers to a higher plane.It is perfectly understandable that this comedy is still popular today in many places including America, where it is performed quite frequently in period dress. I missed the opportunity to see it performed while in Colonial Williamsburg a year ago, but hope that I might one day have another opportunity. Im sure that it is even more amusing on stage than it is on pa per.Casts Lists original performance, March 15, 1773, Covent GardenOctober 3, 1775, Drury LaneWorks CitedDanziger, Marlies K. Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. New York Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1978Ferguson, Oliver W. Kates Stratagem and the Naming of the She Stoops to Conquer. Restoration and 18th Century Theatre Research. Illinois Loyola University of Chicago, 1991

Why We Need Laws Essay -- essays research papers

The American Heritage Dictionary defines justness as a expression of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority. Since all the same the most primitive forms of life pay back been known to live by some rule of conduct, by definition, law has existed before the dawn of the human race. However, no other species have adopted laws to fit their immediate needs much than humans. As groups of humans began living in larger and larger groups, rivalry for resources such as food, water, shelter, and even mating partners grew increasingly intense. Therefore, the leaders of these canonic forms of friendship found it necessity to set guidelines for sharing and protecting these resources. As these societies grew in complexity, so did the need for laws. While in its nascent wooden leg law primarily protected tangibles such as life, limb, and property, the scope of laws has large to encompass moral values as well. However, these values often differed from golf-clu b to cabaret. With each passing year, more than and more laws are coming into effect. Consequently, more and more people are growing incognizant of the laws that govern them. In effect, this ignorance of the law nullifies its effectiveness as a admonishrent of crime. Therefore, modern law has taken a more passive role as a medium for holding people accountable for their actions.Voltaire once said that a flock of laws in a country is like a great add together of physicians, a sign of weakness and malady. Historically, laws have been created in an attempt to good perceived problems within a society. An epidemic of adultery must have occurred before laws forbidding such activity came into existence. Several affluent members of society must have been robbed before anti-theft laws were passed. Undoubtedly a number of politicians were prick and killed before gun-control laws were believed to be necessary. For the most part laws are created out of panic of becoming victimized. As i llustrated in the preceding examples, most laws are intentional specifically to address crimes in which the distinction between an offender and a victim is clear. However, laws against so-called victimless crimes suggest that its intent exceeds that of unmixed protection. For instance, according to atomic number 20 Penal Code 286, sodomy is sexual conduct consisting of contact between the fellow member of one person and the anus of another person. Any sexual penetra... ... person, simply relying on an individuals sense of morality in respect to self-government would result in inevitable sociological chaos. This holds especially true for those who lack the mental capability to differentiate between moral and immoral behavior. Although some laws have been turn out to be effective deterrents of crime, this holds true only for those laws that are known to exist. Furthermore, it is necessary to remember that even the most severe of punishments will not deter the motivated criminal . Therefore, the very essence of law is reduced to a mere mechanism to hold people accountable for their actions or lack thereof. answerableness for the law, regardless of moral beliefs, must be applied unconditionally and without wrong to all persons within the jurisdiction of the governing body in target to safeguard the laws effectiveness. Although this can be construed as force-feeding perceived moral beliefs upon the society as a whole, accountability is necessary to insure that the violators of crimes are mightily punished for their actions. Without such universal accountability, it would be impossible to apply laws upon a morally diverse and legally ignorant society.

Qualitative Research Versus Quantitative Research Essay example -- Res

Qualitative Research Versus numeric Research Quantitative query entropy is a formal, objective, systematic process in which numerical data is utilised to obtain information around the world. Quantitative explore is all about quantifying the relationships between variables such as height, weight. It is obtained by such things as questionnaires, official statistics and planned interviews and then from the numerical data we posterior identify trends and correlations and get an idea of the attitudes of large verse of people which bottomland be very helpful. It is obtained mostly in the form of numbers. They were originally highly-developed in the natural sciences to study natural phenomena. Qualitative research data is all types of data that are non in the form of numbers including written sources, pictures, films, open-ended questions and unstructured interviews. Qualitative data can frequently provide a richer and more in-depth picture of social life. It was developed in the social sciences to enable researchers to study social and cultural phenomena. Qualitative research uses unreconstructed logic to get at what is really real the quality, meaning, context, or image of reality in what people actually do, not what they allege they do. The advantages of a questionnaire which produces quantitative data are you do not spend a penny to pay interviewers and it is cheap to classify results. Fast and efficient analysis manageable with pre-coded closed questions and answers can be easily quantified and entered straight on to computers. too questionnaires do not normally need interviewers so you do not have the risk of the interviewer influencing the respondent... ...ty as if another researcher did the aforesaid(prenominal) investigate would they get the same results as others. And if a group of researchers all researched the same topic would they all get different results? If so which should we believe. Researchers frequently intensify quantitative and qualitative data in their research to get a fair and accurate result even thought quantitative is often more accurate than qualitative. The major difference between qualitative and quantitative research is the underlying statement about the role of the researcher. In quantitative research, the researcher is ideally an objective observer that neither participates in or influences what is being studied. In qualitative research, however, it is thought that the researcher can take away the most about a situation by participating and/or being immersed in it.

About Australia Essay -- Australia Economy Population Culture Trade Es

About AustraliaAustralia, island continent located southernmost einsteinium of Asia and forming, with thenearby island of Tasmania, the commenwealth of Australia, a self governingmember of the Commenwealth of Nations. The commenwealth of Australia is made upof six maintains--News south Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria,and Wester n Australia--and two territories--the Australian Capital districtand the Northern Territory.Australia, including Tasmania but excluding external territories, covers a landarea of 7,682,300 sq. km, extending from mantle York (100 41 S) in the north round3,680 km to Tasmania (430 39 S), and from Cape Byron (1530 39 E) in the eastsome 4,000 km west to Western Australia (1130 9 E).Basic Data creation (estimates), July 1995, 18,322,231, with the succession structure under 15(female 1,929,366 male 2,032,238), 15-64 (female 6,017,362 male 6,181,887), 65and over(female 1,227,004 male 934,374). Population emergence rate is estimated at1.31 % (1995 est.). Literacy rate age 15 and over can read and write (1980 est.).English is the ordained language, with modern Australian English a conglomerateof British, American, and their own enunciation and spelling. BecauseAustralia is one of the most multicultural nations in the cosmea it is possibleto bob up vibrant ethnic communities using almost every other worldlanguage.Australian school children aim the highest rate of learning Asianlanguages, particularly Nipponese and Chinese, of any industrialized westernnation - in recognition of their proximo as a member of the Asia-Pacific division.Labor force is 8.63 million(september 1991) by craft of finance and service33.8%, public and community services 22.3%, wholesale and reatail throw 20.1%,manufacturing and industry 16.2%, agriculture 6.1%(1987).Political SystemAustralia has a federal governing body of government, and a long history as a multipartyparliamentary democracy. on that point is no written Bill of Rights, but fundamentalrights are ensured by law and respected in practice.The Commonwealth (federal) government and the six state governments operateunder written constitutions that draw on the British customs duty of a CabinetGovernment, led by a Prime Minister, which is obligated to a majority inParliaments write down house. The Federal Constitution, however, also contains someelement... ...ing almost a quarter oftotal merchandise merchandisesExports to the Asian region overall grew by almost seven per cent to $A41billion elaborately Transformed Manufactures (ETMs) exports grew 14 per cent toalmost$A14 billion - they now taradiddle for 20 per cent of all merchandise exportsDespite a quintuple per cent fall in export earnings, coal remained Australiaslargest commodity exportExports of computers and office machinery, parts and accessories increasedin aggregate by 30 per cent to almost $A1 billion - assembled computer exportsgrew by over 60 per cent during the yearThe value of wool e xports held steady during 1993-94 - a quint per centincrease in volume was offset by lower average prices (although prices recoveredduring the second half of the year)There were significant travel in exports of both crude and refined petroleumoilThe growth in wine exports typifies the increasing diversity of Australiasexport base - they have increased over the last decade at an annual prune rateof over 40 per centThe latest Australian sanction of Statistics (ABS) Manufacturing Surveyrevealed that exporting manufacturers were performing significantly better

Essay --

3) How France slews Up Against wiseer Fashion EmpiresThe Global Language reminder (GLM) is a media-analytics club ground out of Texas, which studies language usage from the internet, blogs, news media, and social media platforms to talk the trending surmountics from crosswise the globe. Each year, the Global Language Monitor produces a amount of the carrousel Fashion Capitals in the conception. According to the 2014 Global Language Monitor survey, New York City is the years counterfeit capital of the beingness until the stats atomic number 18 reevaluated at next seasons mien weeks. The variety betwixt New York City and Paris was only five percent, which is the sm aloneest disparity GLM has seen. just because the 2014 survey shows the top four as New York City, Paris, London, and Los Angeles does non besotted that all of these cities are now considered to be part of the prestigious enormous Four. The Big Four is a title given to the top look empires of the w orld and has remained consistent for many years. Each of these cities, have impregnable presences in fashion in the present, and also have rich histories of fashion, solely with vastly different and unique qualities. Aside from Paris, the Big Four fashion capitals of the world are comprised of Milan, London and New York City. New York City, United States has the fast ripening fashion scene, with almost 7,000 recognized fashion designers, and annual sales of oer $14 billion. The citys role in fashion great deal be traced back to the early 20th century with the instauration and yield of the Garment District. This was an area in Manhattan with a very boneheaded assiduousness of tailors, couturiers, boutiques and departments stores. The small district was where many famous American designers resembling Halston, Marc Jacobs, Ve... ... historical centers of cutting-edge design and to the large markets, related industries, and global affluence constitute in these two superst ar cities (Florida, R. and Johnson, S).Although there have been a few years Paris has lost its number one temporary hookup as fashion capital, overall it is still considered the Fashion Empire of the world. This is assign to its enormous history, adaptability, and innovations in the industry. Vanessa Freidman from the Global Language Monitor says, Paris, with the clear up Haute Couture ranking, of flight has a centuries-long heritage, having invented the very concept, also scored highly in the pret-a-porter category. In addition, cut designers are known for creating some of the most iconic and determinate designs of all time, styles like the Little Black Dress by Chanel and the pantsuit by Yves canonize Laurent will never cease to be wardrobe staples. Essay -- 3) How France Stacks Up Against Newer Fashion EmpiresThe Global Language Monitor (GLM) is a media-analytics company based out of Texas, which studies language usage from the internet, blogs, news med ia, and social media platforms to deliver the trending topics from across the globe. Each year, the Global Language Monitor produces a list of the Top Fashion Capitals in the world. According to the 2014 Global Language Monitor survey, New York City is the years fashion capital of the world until the stats are reevaluated at next seasons fashion weeks. The difference between New York City and Paris was only five percent, which is the smallest difference GLM has seen. Simply because the 2014 survey shows the top four as New York City, Paris, London, and Los Angeles does not mean that all of these cities are now considered to be part of the esteemed Big Four. The Big Four is a title given to the top fashion empires of the world and has remained consistent for many years. Each of these cities, have strong presences in fashion in the present, and also have rich histories of fashion, but with vastly different and unique qualities. Aside from Paris, the Big Four fashion capitals of the wo rld are comprised of Milan, London and New York City. New York City, United States has the quickest growing fashion scene, with almost 7,000 recognized fashion designers, and annual sales of over $14 billion. The citys role in fashion can be traced back to the early 20th century with the introduction and growth of the Garment District. This was an area in Manhattan with a very dense concentration of tailors, couturiers, boutiques and departments stores. The small district was where many famous American designers like Halston, Marc Jacobs, Ve... ... historical centers of cutting-edge design and to the large markets, related industries, and global affluence found in these two superstar cities (Florida, R. and Johnson, S).Although there have been a few years Paris has lost its number one spot as fashion capital, overall it is still considered the Fashion Empire of the world. This is credited to its long history, adaptability, and innovations in the industry. Vanessa Freidman from the Global Language Monitor says, Paris, with the Top Haute Couture ranking, of course has a centuries-long heritage, having invented the very concept, also scored highly in the pret-a-porter category. In addition, French designers are known for creating some of the most iconic and classic designs of all time, styles like the Little Black Dress by Chanel and the pantsuit by Yves Saint Laurent will never cease to be wardrobe staples.

James Joyces Araby - Setting and Atmosphere in Araby :: Joyce Dubliners Araby Essays

condition and Atmosphere in Araby Each of the stories in Dubliners consists of a portrait in which Dublin contributes to the dehumanizing experience of modem life. The son in the story Araby is intensely domain to the citys dark, hopeless conformity, and his tragic yearning toward the exotic in the face of drab, unpicturesque reality forms the center of the story. On its simplest level, Araby is a story about a boys first love. On a deeper level, however, it is a story about the military man in which he lives a human race inimical to ideals and dreams. This deeper level is introduced and certain in several scenes the opening description of the boys street, his house, his relationship to his aunt and uncle, the schooling about the priest and his belongings, the boys two trips-his walks through Dublin shopping and his incidental ride to Araby. North Richmond Street is described metaphorically and presents the referee with his first view of the boys world. The street is blind it is a dead end, to date its inhabitants are sm ugly complacent the houses reflect the attitudes of their inhabitants. The houses are imperturbable in the quiet, the cold, the dark muddy lanes and dark dripping gardens. The first use of situational sarcasm is introduced here, because anyone who is aware, who is not spiritually blinded or asleep, would feel oppressed and jeopardise by North Richmond Street. The people who live there (represented by the boys aunt and uncle) are not threatened, however, but are falsely sanctimonious and discreetly but deeply self-satisfied. Their prejudice is dramatized by the aunts hopes that Araby, the bazaar the boy wants to visit, is not14some Freemason affair, and by old Mrs. Mercers gossiping oer tea while collecting stamps for some sacred purpose. The background or world of blindness extends from a general view of the street and its inhabitants to the boys person-to-person relation-ships. It is not a generation opening night but a kerf uffle in the spirit, in empathy and conscious caring, that results in the uncles failure to arrive central office office in time for the boy to go to the bazaar while it is dumb open. The uncle has no doubt been to the local pub, negligent and indifferent to the boys anguish and impatience. The boy waits well into the evening in the imperturbable house with its musty olfactory sensation and old, useless objects that fill the rooms.James Joyces Araby - scope and Atmosphere in Araby Joyce Dubliners Araby EssaysSetting and Atmosphere in Araby Each of the stories in Dubliners consists of a portrait in which Dublin contributes to the dehumanizing experience of modem life. The boy in the story Araby is intensely showcase to the citys dark, hopeless conformity, and his tragic yearning toward the exotic in the face of drab, ugly reality forms the center of the story. On its simplest level, Araby is a story about a boys first love. On a deeper level, however, it is a story about th e world in which he lives a world inimical to ideals and dreams. This deeper level is introduced and true in several scenes the opening description of the boys street, his house, his relationship to his aunt and uncle, the breeding about the priest and his belongings, the boys two trips-his walks through Dublin shopping and his posterior ride to Araby. North Richmond Street is described metaphorically and presents the reader with his first view of the boys world. The street is blind it is a dead end, heretofore its inhabitants are smugly complacent the houses reflect the attitudes of their inhabitants. The houses are imperturbable in the quiet, the cold, the dark muddy lanes and dark dripping gardens. The first use of situational irony is introduced here, because anyone who is aware, who is not spiritually blinded or asleep, would feel oppressed and peril by North Richmond Street. The people who live there (represented by the boys aunt and uncle) are not threatened, however, b ut are falsely pious and discreetly but deeply self-satisfied. Their prejudice is dramatized by the aunts hopes that Araby, the bazaar the boy wants to visit, is not14some Freemason affair, and by old Mrs. Mercers gossiping oer tea while collecting stamps for some pious purpose. The background or world of blindness extends from a general view of the street and its inhabitants to the boys individualised relation-ships. It is not a generation gap but a gap in the spirit, in empathy and conscious caring, that results in the uncles failure to arrive home in time for the boy to go to the bazaar while it is unruffled open. The uncle has no doubt been to the local pub, negligent and indifferent to the boys anguish and impatience. The boy waits well into the evening in the imperturbable house with its musty intuitive feeling and old, useless objects that fill the rooms.

ANNIs Baby :: essays research papers

I read an autobiography in the impress of a diary. I found that because it was written in the form of a diary it gave me a much better idea as to what the main fictitious character was thinking.The plot of this story is about a miss who life is going fine until she meets this supposedly wonderful guy. onwards spacious things go bad and he becomes sexually, physically and mentally abusive. Annie stays with Danny and concisely becomes pregnant. Before she knows it shes a Mom. She realizes in the end that she simply cannot give her despoil everything it deserves so she gives it to a loving couple who is unable to have children. Her momma gets a new undertaking they move away and get on with their lives.The main character in book is Annie. She is fairly attractive with zesty eyes, dirty blonde hair and a slender build. She is 14 age old and involved in tennis and soccer. Danny the other important character in this book is 16 tall, dark and handsome. And a major specialisatio n on the boys football team. He has a part time job at his fathers restaurant.Annies mother is very supportive and loving. She teaches at a local high school. (She plays a minor role)Mary Ann is Annies fumble she enters later on in the story. She was born 2 months premature and does what a typical baby dose.Well one of the first conflicts that arises is between Annie and Danny. One darkness they stubborn to go to a party, on the way home Danny insisted on having sex, Annie refused. by and by a short while Danny became impacient and tried to rape Annie, he was not successful .I dont know how but she forgave him and continued to date him. One night on the way out somewhere Danny mysteriously remembered that he had forgot something at home. So they returned to his house once there Danny demanded that Annie strip for him. When she refused he became furious, started call her every name in the book and became violent. He then forced himself upon her and raped her viciously. When he was done he through her out as if she were yesterdays trash. After all this their relationship continued so did the violence and the sex. Before long Annie became pregnant, Danny refused to admit the Baby was his.